Merge "Make the vision solver use a less strict problem."
diff --git a/aos/vision/blob/BUILD b/aos/vision/blob/BUILD
index 69a2cc5..2e77079 100644
--- a/aos/vision/blob/BUILD
+++ b/aos/vision/blob/BUILD
@@ -37,13 +37,31 @@
 
 cc_library(
     name = "threshold",
-    hdrs = ["threshold.h"],
+    srcs = [
+        "threshold.cc",
+    ],
+    hdrs = [
+        "threshold.h",
+    ],
     deps = [
         ":range_image",
         "//aos/vision/image:image_types",
     ],
 )
 
+cc_test(
+    name = "threshold_test",
+    srcs = [
+        "threshold_test.cc",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        ":range_image",
+        ":threshold",
+        "//aos/testing:googletest",
+        "//aos/vision/image:image_types",
+    ],
+)
+
 cc_library(
     name = "hierarchical_contour_merge",
     srcs = ["hierarchical_contour_merge.cc"],
diff --git a/aos/vision/blob/range_image.cc b/aos/vision/blob/range_image.cc
index c01a919..81a8c48 100644
--- a/aos/vision/blob/range_image.cc
+++ b/aos/vision/blob/range_image.cc
@@ -5,18 +5,10 @@
 
 namespace aos {
 namespace vision {
+namespace {
 
-void DrawRangeImage(const RangeImage &rimg, ImagePtr outbuf, PixelRef color) {
-  for (int i = 0; i < (int)rimg.ranges().size(); ++i) {
-    int y = rimg.min_y() + i;
-    for (ImageRange rng : rimg.ranges()[i]) {
-      for (int x = rng.st; x < rng.ed; ++x) {
-        outbuf.get_px(x, y) = color;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
+// Merge sort of multiple range images into a single range image.
+// They must not overlap.
 RangeImage MergeRangeImage(const BlobList &blobl) {
   if (blobl.size() == 1) return blobl[0];
 
@@ -48,6 +40,8 @@
   }
 }
 
+}  // namespace
+
 std::string ShortDebugPrint(const BlobList &blobl) {
   RangeImage rimg = MergeRangeImage(blobl);
   std::string out;
@@ -88,6 +82,10 @@
   }
 }
 
+void PrintTo(const ImageRange &range, std::ostream *os) {
+  *os << "{" << range.st << ", " << range.ed << "}";
+}
+
 void RangeImage::Flip(int image_width, int image_height) {
   std::reverse(ranges_.begin(), ranges_.end());
   for (std::vector<ImageRange> &range : ranges_) {
@@ -102,6 +100,31 @@
   min_y_ = image_height - static_cast<int>(ranges_.size()) - min_y_;
 }
 
+void PrintTo(const RangeImage &range, std::ostream *os) {
+  *os << "{min_y=" << range.min_y()
+      << ", ranges={";
+  bool first_row = true;
+  for (const auto &row : range) {
+    if (first_row) {
+      first_row = false;
+    } else {
+      *os << ", ";
+    }
+    *os << "{";
+    bool first_value = true;
+    for (const auto &value : row) {
+      if (first_value) {
+        first_value = false;
+      } else {
+        *os << ", ";
+      }
+      *os << "{" << value.st << ", " << value.ed << "}";
+    }
+    *os << "}";
+  }
+  *os << "}}";
+}
+
 int RangeImage::npixels() {
   if (npixelsc_ > 0) {
     return npixelsc_;
diff --git a/aos/vision/blob/range_image.h b/aos/vision/blob/range_image.h
index 3647890..a735442 100644
--- a/aos/vision/blob/range_image.h
+++ b/aos/vision/blob/range_image.h
@@ -21,8 +21,14 @@
   int calc_width() const { return ed - st; }
 
   bool operator<(const ImageRange &o) const { return st < o.st; }
+  bool operator==(const ImageRange &other) const {
+    return st == other.st && ed == other.ed;
+  }
+  bool operator!=(const ImageRange &other) const { return !(*this == other); }
 };
 
+void PrintTo(const ImageRange &range, std::ostream *os);
+
 // Image in pre-thresholded run-length encoded format.
 class RangeImage {
  public:
@@ -31,9 +37,22 @@
   explicit RangeImage(int l) { ranges_.reserve(l); }
   RangeImage() {}
 
+  bool operator==(const RangeImage &other) const {
+    if (min_y_ != other.min_y_) { return false; }
+    if (ranges_ != other.ranges_) { return false; }
+    return true;
+  }
+  bool operator!=(const RangeImage &other) const { return !(*this == other); }
+
   int size() const { return ranges_.size(); }
 
+  // Returns the total number of included pixels.
   int npixels();
+  // Calculates the total number of included pixels.
+  //
+  // TODO(Brian): Present a nicer API than the current duality between this and
+  // npixels(), which is annoying because npixels() has to modify the cached
+  // data so it can't be const.
   int calc_area() const;
 
   void Flip(ImageFormat fmt) { Flip(fmt.w, fmt.h); }
@@ -59,22 +78,19 @@
   // minimum index in y where the blob starts
   int min_y_ = 0;
 
-  // ranges are always sorted in y then x order
+  // Each vector<ImageRange> represents all the matched ranges in a given row.
+  // Each ImageRange within that row represents a run of pixels which matches.
   std::vector<std::vector<ImageRange>> ranges_;
 
   // Cached pixel count.
   int npixelsc_ = -1;
 };
 
+void PrintTo(const RangeImage &range, std::ostream *os);
+
 typedef std::vector<RangeImage> BlobList;
 typedef std::vector<const RangeImage *> BlobLRef;
 
-void DrawRangeImage(const RangeImage &rimg, ImagePtr outbuf, PixelRef color);
-
-// Merge sort of multiple range images into a single range image.
-// They must not overlap.
-RangeImage MergeRangeImage(const BlobList &blobl);
-
 // Debug print range image as ranges.
 std::string ShortDebugPrint(const BlobList &blobl);
 // Debug print range image as ### for the ranges.
diff --git a/aos/vision/blob/threshold.cc b/aos/vision/blob/threshold.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4fc58eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aos/vision/blob/threshold.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+#include "aos/vision/blob/threshold.h"
+
+namespace aos {
+namespace vision {
+
+#define MASH(v0, v1, v2, v3, v4)                                  \
+  ((uint8_t(v0) << 4) | (uint8_t(v1) << 3) | (uint8_t(v2) << 2) | \
+   (uint8_t(v3) << 1) | (uint8_t(v4)))
+
+RangeImage FastYuyvYThreshold(ImageFormat fmt, const char *data,
+                              uint8_t value) {
+  std::vector<std::vector<ImageRange>> ranges;
+  ranges.reserve(fmt.h);
+  for (int y = 0; y < fmt.h; ++y) {
+    const char *row = fmt.w * y * 2 + data;
+    bool p_score = false;
+    int pstart = -1;
+    std::vector<ImageRange> rngs;
+    for (int x = 0; x < fmt.w / 4; ++x) {
+      uint8_t v[8];
+      memcpy(&v[0], row + x * 4 * 2, 8);
+      uint8_t pattern =
+          MASH(p_score, v[0] > value, v[2] > value, v[4] > value, v[6] > value);
+      switch (pattern) {
+        /*
+# Ruby code to generate the below code:
+32.times do |v|
+        puts "case MASH(#{[v[4], v[3], v[2], v[1], v[0]].join(", ")}):"
+        p_score = v[4]
+        pstart = "pstart"
+        4.times do |i|
+                if v[3 - i] != p_score
+                        if (p_score == 1)
+                                puts "  rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(#{pstart},
+x * 4 + #{i}));"
+                        else
+                                pstart = "x * 4 + #{i}"
+                        end
+                        p_score = v[3 - i]
+                end
+        end
+        if (pstart != "pstart")
+                puts "  pstart = #{pstart};"
+        end
+        if (p_score != v[4])
+                puts "  p_score = #{["false", "true"][v[0]]};"
+        end
+        puts "  break;"
+end
+*/
+        case MASH(0, 0, 0, 0, 0):
+          break;
+        case MASH(0, 0, 0, 0, 1):
+          pstart = x * 4 + 3;
+          p_score = true;
+          break;
+        case MASH(0, 0, 0, 1, 0):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 2, x * 4 + 3));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 2;
+          break;
+        case MASH(0, 0, 0, 1, 1):
+          pstart = x * 4 + 2;
+          p_score = true;
+          break;
+        case MASH(0, 0, 1, 0, 0):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 1, x * 4 + 2));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 1;
+          break;
+        case MASH(0, 0, 1, 0, 1):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 1, x * 4 + 2));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 3;
+          p_score = true;
+          break;
+        case MASH(0, 0, 1, 1, 0):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 1, x * 4 + 3));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 1;
+          break;
+        case MASH(0, 0, 1, 1, 1):
+          pstart = x * 4 + 1;
+          p_score = true;
+          break;
+        case MASH(0, 1, 0, 0, 0):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 0, x * 4 + 1));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 0;
+          break;
+        case MASH(0, 1, 0, 0, 1):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 0, x * 4 + 1));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 3;
+          p_score = true;
+          break;
+        case MASH(0, 1, 0, 1, 0):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 0, x * 4 + 1));
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 2, x * 4 + 3));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 2;
+          break;
+        case MASH(0, 1, 0, 1, 1):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 0, x * 4 + 1));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 2;
+          p_score = true;
+          break;
+        case MASH(0, 1, 1, 0, 0):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 0, x * 4 + 2));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 0;
+          break;
+        case MASH(0, 1, 1, 0, 1):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 0, x * 4 + 2));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 3;
+          p_score = true;
+          break;
+        case MASH(0, 1, 1, 1, 0):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 0, x * 4 + 3));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 0;
+          break;
+        case MASH(0, 1, 1, 1, 1):
+          pstart = x * 4 + 0;
+          p_score = true;
+          break;
+        case MASH(1, 0, 0, 0, 0):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 0));
+          p_score = false;
+          break;
+        case MASH(1, 0, 0, 0, 1):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 0));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 3;
+          break;
+        case MASH(1, 0, 0, 1, 0):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 0));
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 2, x * 4 + 3));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 2;
+          p_score = false;
+          break;
+        case MASH(1, 0, 0, 1, 1):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 0));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 2;
+          break;
+        case MASH(1, 0, 1, 0, 0):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 0));
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 1, x * 4 + 2));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 1;
+          p_score = false;
+          break;
+        case MASH(1, 0, 1, 0, 1):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 0));
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 1, x * 4 + 2));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 3;
+          break;
+        case MASH(1, 0, 1, 1, 0):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 0));
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 1, x * 4 + 3));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 1;
+          p_score = false;
+          break;
+        case MASH(1, 0, 1, 1, 1):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 0));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 1;
+          break;
+        case MASH(1, 1, 0, 0, 0):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 1));
+          p_score = false;
+          break;
+        case MASH(1, 1, 0, 0, 1):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 1));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 3;
+          break;
+        case MASH(1, 1, 0, 1, 0):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 1));
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 2, x * 4 + 3));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 2;
+          p_score = false;
+          break;
+        case MASH(1, 1, 0, 1, 1):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 1));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 2;
+          break;
+        case MASH(1, 1, 1, 0, 0):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 2));
+          p_score = false;
+          break;
+        case MASH(1, 1, 1, 0, 1):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 2));
+          pstart = x * 4 + 3;
+          break;
+        case MASH(1, 1, 1, 1, 0):
+          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 3));
+          p_score = false;
+          break;
+        case MASH(1, 1, 1, 1, 1):
+          break;
+      }
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+        if ((v[i * 2] > value) != p_score) {
+          if (p_score) {
+            rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + i));
+          } else {
+            pstart = x * 4 + i;
+          }
+          p_score = !p_score;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (p_score) {
+      rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, fmt.w));
+    }
+    ranges.push_back(rngs);
+  }
+  return RangeImage(0, std::move(ranges));
+}
+
+#undef MASH
+
+}  // namespace vision
+}  // namespace aos
diff --git a/aos/vision/blob/threshold.h b/aos/vision/blob/threshold.h
index eef5b20..441a058 100644
--- a/aos/vision/blob/threshold.h
+++ b/aos/vision/blob/threshold.h
@@ -1,15 +1,22 @@
-#ifndef _AOS_VIISON_BLOB_THRESHOLD_H_
-#define _AOS_VIISON_BLOB_THRESHOLD_H_
+#ifndef AOS_VISION_BLOB_THRESHOLD_H_
+#define AOS_VISION_BLOB_THRESHOLD_H_
 
 #include "aos/vision/blob/range_image.h"
 #include "aos/vision/image/image_types.h"
 
 namespace aos {
 namespace vision {
+namespace threshold_internal {
 
-// ThresholdFn should be a lambda.
-template <typename ThresholdFn>
-RangeImage DoThreshold(ImageFormat fmt, ThresholdFn &&fn) {
+// Performs thresholding in a given region using a function which determines
+// whether a given point is in or out of the region.
+//
+// fn must return a bool when called with two integers (x, y).
+template <typename PointTestFn>
+RangeImage ThresholdPointsWithFunction(ImageFormat fmt, PointTestFn &&fn) {
+  static_assert(
+      std::is_convertible<PointTestFn, std::function<bool(int, int)>>::value,
+      "Invalid threshold function");
   std::vector<std::vector<ImageRange>> ranges;
   ranges.reserve(fmt.h);
   for (int y = 0; y < fmt.h; ++y) {
@@ -34,23 +41,43 @@
   return RangeImage(0, std::move(ranges));
 }
 
-// ThresholdFn should be a lambda.
+}  // namespace threshold_internal
+
+// Thresholds an image using a function which determines whether a given pixel
+// value is in or out of the region.
+//
+// fn must return a bool when called with a PixelRef.
 template <typename ThresholdFn>
-RangeImage DoThreshold(const ImagePtr &img, ThresholdFn &&fn) {
-  return DoThreshold(img.fmt(),
-                     [&](int x, int y) { return fn(img.get_px(x, y)); });
+RangeImage ThresholdImageWithFunction(const ImagePtr &img, ThresholdFn &&fn) {
+  static_assert(
+      std::is_convertible<ThresholdFn, std::function<bool(PixelRef)>>::value,
+      "Invalid threshold function");
+  return threshold_internal::ThresholdPointsWithFunction(
+      img.fmt(), [&](int x, int y) { return fn(img.get_px(x, y)); });
 }
 
-// YUYV image types:
-inline RangeImage DoThresholdYUYV(ImageFormat fmt, const char *data,
-                                  uint8_t value) {
-  return DoThreshold(fmt, [&](int x, int y) {
-    uint8_t v = data[y * fmt.w * 2 + x * 2];
-    return v > value;
-  });
+// Thresholds an image in YUYV format, selecting pixels with a Y (luma) greater
+// than value.
+//
+// This is implemented via a simple function that pulls out the Y values and
+// compares them each. It mostly exists for tests to compare against
+// FastYuyvYThreshold, because it's obviously correct.
+inline RangeImage SlowYuyvYThreshold(ImageFormat fmt, const char *data,
+                                     uint8_t value) {
+  return threshold_internal::ThresholdPointsWithFunction(
+      fmt, [&](int x, int y) {
+        uint8_t v = data[x * 2 + y * fmt.w * 2];
+        return v > value;
+      });
 }
 
+// Thresholds an image in YUYV format, selecting pixels with a Y (luma) greater
+// than value.
+//
+// This is implemented via some tricky bit shuffling that goes fast.
+RangeImage FastYuyvYThreshold(ImageFormat fmt, const char *data, uint8_t value);
+
 }  // namespace vision
 }  // namespace aos
 
-#endif  //  _AOS_VIISON_BLOB_THRESHOLD_H_
+#endif  //  AOS_VISION_BLOB_THRESHOLD_H_
diff --git a/aos/vision/blob/threshold_test.cc b/aos/vision/blob/threshold_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96a2a22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aos/vision/blob/threshold_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+#include "aos/vision/blob/threshold.h"
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "aos/vision/blob/range_image.h"
+#include "aos/vision/image/image_types.h"
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+namespace aos {
+namespace vision {
+namespace testing {
+
+class YuyvYThresholdTest : public ::testing::Test {
+};
+
+// Verifies that a simple image is thresholded correctly.
+//
+// Specifically, we want to get this result from the thresholding:
+//  --+--
+//  +---+
+//  -+++-
+//  +++-+
+//  -----
+//  ++-++
+//  +++++
+//  +-+-+
+TEST_F(YuyvYThresholdTest, SimpleImage) {
+  ImageFormat format;
+  format.w = 5;
+  format.h = 8;
+
+  std::vector<std::vector<ImageRange>> expected_ranges;
+  std::vector<char> image;
+  image.resize(5 * 8 * 2);
+  //  --+--
+  image[0 * 2 + 0 * 10] = 0;
+  image[1 * 2 + 0 * 10] = 0;
+  image[2 * 2 + 0 * 10] = 128;
+  image[3 * 2 + 0 * 10] = 127;
+  image[4 * 2 + 0 * 10] = 0;
+  expected_ranges.push_back({{{2, 3}}});
+  //  +---+
+  image[0 * 2 + 1 * 10] = 128;
+  image[1 * 2 + 1 * 10] = 0;
+  image[2 * 2 + 1 * 10] = 0;
+  image[3 * 2 + 1 * 10] = 10;
+  image[4 * 2 + 1 * 10] = 255;
+  expected_ranges.push_back({{{0, 1}, {4, 5}}});
+  //  -+++-
+  image[0 * 2 + 2 * 10] = 73;
+  image[1 * 2 + 2 * 10] = 250;
+  image[2 * 2 + 2 * 10] = 251;
+  image[3 * 2 + 2 * 10] = 252;
+  image[4 * 2 + 2 * 10] = 45;
+  expected_ranges.push_back({{{1, 4}}});
+  //  +++-+
+  image[0 * 2 + 3 * 10] = 128;
+  image[1 * 2 + 3 * 10] = 134;
+  image[2 * 2 + 3 * 10] = 250;
+  image[3 * 2 + 3 * 10] = 0;
+  image[4 * 2 + 3 * 10] = 230;
+  expected_ranges.push_back({{{0, 3}, {4, 5}}});
+  //  -----
+  image[0 * 2 + 4 * 10] = 7;
+  image[1 * 2 + 4 * 10] = 120;
+  image[2 * 2 + 4 * 10] = 127;
+  image[3 * 2 + 4 * 10] = 0;
+  image[4 * 2 + 4 * 10] = 50;
+  expected_ranges.push_back({{}});
+  //  ++-++
+  image[0 * 2 + 5 * 10] = 140;
+  image[1 * 2 + 5 * 10] = 140;
+  image[2 * 2 + 5 * 10] = 0;
+  image[3 * 2 + 5 * 10] = 140;
+  image[4 * 2 + 5 * 10] = 140;
+  expected_ranges.push_back({{{0, 2}, {3, 5}}});
+  //  +++++
+  image[0 * 2 + 6 * 10] = 128;
+  image[1 * 2 + 6 * 10] = 128;
+  image[2 * 2 + 6 * 10] = 128;
+  image[3 * 2 + 6 * 10] = 128;
+  image[4 * 2 + 6 * 10] = 128;
+  expected_ranges.push_back({{{0, 5}}});
+  //  +-+-+
+  image[0 * 2 + 7 * 10] = 200;
+  image[1 * 2 + 7 * 10] = 0;
+  image[2 * 2 + 7 * 10] = 200;
+  image[3 * 2 + 7 * 10] = 0;
+  image[4 * 2 + 7 * 10] = 200;
+  expected_ranges.push_back({{{0, 1}, {2, 3}, {4, 5}}});
+  const RangeImage expected_result(0, std::move(expected_ranges));
+
+  const auto slow_result = SlowYuyvYThreshold(format, image.data(), 127);
+  ASSERT_EQ(expected_result, slow_result);
+}
+
+}  // namespace testing
+}  // namespace vision
+}  // namespace aos
diff --git a/aos/vision/tools/jpeg_vision_test.cc b/aos/vision/tools/jpeg_vision_test.cc
index 072b57b..806fd80 100644
--- a/aos/vision/tools/jpeg_vision_test.cc
+++ b/aos/vision/tools/jpeg_vision_test.cc
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
     prev_data_ = data.to_string();
 
     // Threshold the image with the given lambda.
-    RangeImage rimg = DoThreshold(img_ptr, [](PixelRef &px) {
+    RangeImage rimg = ThresholdImageWithFunction(img_ptr, [](PixelRef &px) {
       if (px.g > 88) {
         uint8_t min = std::min(px.b, px.r);
         uint8_t max = std::max(px.b, px.r);
diff --git a/y2016/vision/target_sender.cc b/y2016/vision/target_sender.cc
index d9208ec..3e29085 100644
--- a/y2016/vision/target_sender.cc
+++ b/y2016/vision/target_sender.cc
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@
     DecodeJpeg(data, &image_);
     auto fmt = image_.fmt();
 
-    RangeImage rimg =
-        DoThreshold(image_.get(), [](PixelRef &px) { return (px.g > 88); });
+    RangeImage rimg = ThresholdImageWithFunction(
+        image_.get(), [](PixelRef px) { return (px.g > 88); });
 
     // flip the right image as this camera is mount backward
     if (camera_index_ == 0) {
diff --git a/y2017/vision/target_finder.cc b/y2017/vision/target_finder.cc
index a6b049c..91e801e 100644
--- a/y2017/vision/target_finder.cc
+++ b/y2017/vision/target_finder.cc
@@ -103,17 +103,18 @@
 }
 
 aos::vision::RangeImage TargetFinder::Threshold(aos::vision::ImagePtr image) {
-  return aos::vision::DoThreshold(image, [&](aos::vision::PixelRef &px) {
-    if (px.g > 88) {
-      uint8_t min = std::min(px.b, px.r);
-      uint8_t max = std::max(px.b, px.r);
-      if (min >= px.g || max >= px.g) return false;
-      uint8_t a = px.g - min;
-      uint8_t b = px.g - max;
-      return (a > 10 && b > 10);
-    }
-    return false;
-  });
+  return aos::vision::ThresholdImageWithFunction(
+      image, [&](aos::vision::PixelRef px) {
+        if (px.g > 88) {
+          uint8_t min = std::min(px.b, px.r);
+          uint8_t max = std::max(px.b, px.r);
+          if (min >= px.g || max >= px.g) return false;
+          uint8_t a = px.g - min;
+          uint8_t b = px.g - max;
+          return (a > 10 && b > 10);
+        }
+        return false;
+      });
 }
 
 void TargetFinder::PreFilter(BlobList &imgs) {
diff --git a/y2019/joystick_reader.cc b/y2019/joystick_reader.cc
index b08d6b6..c4a1caf 100644
--- a/y2019/joystick_reader.cc
+++ b/y2019/joystick_reader.cc
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+#include <chrono>
 
 #include "aos/actions/actions.h"
 #include "aos/init.h"
@@ -316,7 +317,11 @@
       LOG(ERROR, "Sending superstructure goal failed.\n");
     }
 
-    video_tx_->Send(vision_control_);
+    auto time_now = ::aos::monotonic_clock::now();
+    if (time_now > last_vision_control_ + ::std::chrono::milliseconds(50)) {
+      video_tx_->Send(vision_control_);
+      last_vision_control_ = time_now;
+    }
   }
 
  private:
@@ -329,6 +334,8 @@
 
   VisionControl vision_control_;
   ::std::unique_ptr<ProtoTXUdpSocket<VisionControl>> video_tx_;
+  ::aos::monotonic_clock::time_point last_vision_control_ =
+      ::aos::monotonic_clock::time_point::min();
 };
 
 }  // namespace joysticks
diff --git a/y2019/vision/global_calibration.cc b/y2019/vision/global_calibration.cc
index 3d1e91f..304f4cb 100644
--- a/y2019/vision/global_calibration.cc
+++ b/y2019/vision/global_calibration.cc
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@
 
     const ::aos::vision::ImageFormat fmt{640, 480};
     ::aos::vision::BlobList imgs =
-        ::aos::vision::FindBlobs(aos::vision::DoThresholdYUYV(
+        ::aos::vision::FindBlobs(aos::vision::SlowYuyvYThreshold(
             fmt, frame.data.data(), TargetFinder::GetThresholdValue()));
     target_finder.PreFilter(&imgs);
 
diff --git a/y2019/vision/target_finder.cc b/y2019/vision/target_finder.cc
index 0f25765..fb2a134 100644
--- a/y2019/vision/target_finder.cc
+++ b/y2019/vision/target_finder.cc
@@ -11,13 +11,14 @@
 
 aos::vision::RangeImage TargetFinder::Threshold(aos::vision::ImagePtr image) {
   const uint8_t threshold_value = GetThresholdValue();
-  return aos::vision::DoThreshold(image, [&](aos::vision::PixelRef &px) {
-    if (px.g > threshold_value && px.b > threshold_value &&
-        px.r > threshold_value) {
-      return true;
-    }
-    return false;
-  });
+  return aos::vision::ThresholdImageWithFunction(
+      image, [&](aos::vision::PixelRef px) {
+        if (px.g > threshold_value && px.b > threshold_value &&
+            px.r > threshold_value) {
+          return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+      });
 }
 
 // Filter blobs on size.
diff --git a/y2019/vision/target_sender.cc b/y2019/vision/target_sender.cc
index 472baf3..3a6fbfe 100644
--- a/y2019/vision/target_sender.cc
+++ b/y2019/vision/target_sender.cc
@@ -64,213 +64,6 @@
 using aos::vision::RangeImage;
 using aos::vision::ImageFormat;
 
-#define MASH(v0, v1, v2, v3, v4)                                  \
-  ((uint8_t(v0) << 4) | (uint8_t(v1) << 3) | (uint8_t(v2) << 2) | \
-   (uint8_t(v3) << 1) | (uint8_t(v4)))
-
-// YUYV image types:
-inline RangeImage DoThresholdYUYV(ImageFormat fmt, const char *data,
-                                  uint8_t value) {
-  std::vector<std::vector<ImageRange>> ranges;
-  ranges.reserve(fmt.h);
-  for (int y = 0; y < fmt.h; ++y) {
-    const char *row = fmt.w * y * 2 + data;
-    bool p_score = false;
-    int pstart = -1;
-    std::vector<ImageRange> rngs;
-    for (int x = 0; x < fmt.w / 4; ++x) {
-      uint8_t v[8];
-      memcpy(&v[0], row + x * 4 * 2, 8);
-      uint8_t pattern =
-          MASH(p_score, v[0] > value, v[2] > value, v[4] > value, v[6] > value);
-      switch (pattern) {
-        /*
-# Ruby code to generate the below code:
-32.times do |v|
-        puts "case MASH(#{[v[4], v[3], v[2], v[1], v[0]].join(", ")}):"
-        p_score = v[4]
-        pstart = "pstart"
-        4.times do |i|
-                if v[3 - i] != p_score
-                        if (p_score == 1)
-                                puts "  rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(#{pstart},
-x * 4 + #{i}));"
-                        else
-                                pstart = "x * 4 + #{i}"
-                        end
-                        p_score = v[3 - i]
-                end
-        end
-        if (pstart != "pstart")
-                puts "  pstart = #{pstart};"
-        end
-        if (p_score != v[4])
-                puts "  p_score = #{["false", "true"][v[0]]};"
-        end
-        puts "  break;"
-end
-*/
-        case MASH(0, 0, 0, 0, 0):
-          break;
-        case MASH(0, 0, 0, 0, 1):
-          pstart = x * 4 + 3;
-          p_score = true;
-          break;
-        case MASH(0, 0, 0, 1, 0):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 2, x * 4 + 3));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 2;
-          break;
-        case MASH(0, 0, 0, 1, 1):
-          pstart = x * 4 + 2;
-          p_score = true;
-          break;
-        case MASH(0, 0, 1, 0, 0):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 1, x * 4 + 2));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 1;
-          break;
-        case MASH(0, 0, 1, 0, 1):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 1, x * 4 + 2));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 3;
-          p_score = true;
-          break;
-        case MASH(0, 0, 1, 1, 0):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 1, x * 4 + 3));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 1;
-          break;
-        case MASH(0, 0, 1, 1, 1):
-          pstart = x * 4 + 1;
-          p_score = true;
-          break;
-        case MASH(0, 1, 0, 0, 0):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 0, x * 4 + 1));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 0;
-          break;
-        case MASH(0, 1, 0, 0, 1):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 0, x * 4 + 1));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 3;
-          p_score = true;
-          break;
-        case MASH(0, 1, 0, 1, 0):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 0, x * 4 + 1));
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 2, x * 4 + 3));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 2;
-          break;
-        case MASH(0, 1, 0, 1, 1):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 0, x * 4 + 1));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 2;
-          p_score = true;
-          break;
-        case MASH(0, 1, 1, 0, 0):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 0, x * 4 + 2));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 0;
-          break;
-        case MASH(0, 1, 1, 0, 1):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 0, x * 4 + 2));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 3;
-          p_score = true;
-          break;
-        case MASH(0, 1, 1, 1, 0):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 0, x * 4 + 3));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 0;
-          break;
-        case MASH(0, 1, 1, 1, 1):
-          pstart = x * 4 + 0;
-          p_score = true;
-          break;
-        case MASH(1, 0, 0, 0, 0):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 0));
-          p_score = false;
-          break;
-        case MASH(1, 0, 0, 0, 1):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 0));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 3;
-          break;
-        case MASH(1, 0, 0, 1, 0):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 0));
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 2, x * 4 + 3));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 2;
-          p_score = false;
-          break;
-        case MASH(1, 0, 0, 1, 1):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 0));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 2;
-          break;
-        case MASH(1, 0, 1, 0, 0):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 0));
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 1, x * 4 + 2));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 1;
-          p_score = false;
-          break;
-        case MASH(1, 0, 1, 0, 1):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 0));
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 1, x * 4 + 2));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 3;
-          break;
-        case MASH(1, 0, 1, 1, 0):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 0));
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 1, x * 4 + 3));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 1;
-          p_score = false;
-          break;
-        case MASH(1, 0, 1, 1, 1):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 0));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 1;
-          break;
-        case MASH(1, 1, 0, 0, 0):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 1));
-          p_score = false;
-          break;
-        case MASH(1, 1, 0, 0, 1):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 1));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 3;
-          break;
-        case MASH(1, 1, 0, 1, 0):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 1));
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(x * 4 + 2, x * 4 + 3));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 2;
-          p_score = false;
-          break;
-        case MASH(1, 1, 0, 1, 1):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 1));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 2;
-          break;
-        case MASH(1, 1, 1, 0, 0):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 2));
-          p_score = false;
-          break;
-        case MASH(1, 1, 1, 0, 1):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 2));
-          pstart = x * 4 + 3;
-          break;
-        case MASH(1, 1, 1, 1, 0):
-          rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + 3));
-          p_score = false;
-          break;
-        case MASH(1, 1, 1, 1, 1):
-          break;
-      }
-
-      for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
-        if ((v[i * 2] > value) != p_score) {
-          if (p_score) {
-            rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, x * 4 + i));
-          } else {
-            pstart = x * 4 + i;
-          }
-          p_score = !p_score;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (p_score) {
-      rngs.emplace_back(ImageRange(pstart, fmt.w));
-    }
-    ranges.push_back(rngs);
-  }
-  return RangeImage(0, std::move(ranges));
-}
-
-#undef MASH
-
 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
   (void)argc;
   (void)argv;
@@ -301,9 +94,8 @@
   camera0->set_on_frame([&](DataRef data,
                             monotonic_clock::time_point monotonic_now) {
     aos::vision::ImageFormat fmt{640, 480};
-    // Use threshold from aos::vision. This will run at 15 FPS.
-    aos::vision::BlobList imgs =
-        aos::vision::FindBlobs(aos::vision::DoThresholdYUYV(fmt, data.data(), 120));
+    aos::vision::BlobList imgs = aos::vision::FindBlobs(
+        aos::vision::SlowYuyvYThreshold(fmt, data.data(), 120));
     finder_.PreFilter(&imgs);
     LOG(INFO, "Blobs: (%zu).\n", imgs.size());