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+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
+<title>Boost.Optional</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot">
+<link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Boost.Optional">
+<link rel="next" href="boost_optional/quick_start.html" title="Quick Start">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
+<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
+<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../boost.png"></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
+<td align="center"><a href="../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
+</tr></table>
+<hr>
+<div class="spirit-nav"><a accesskey="n" href="boost_optional/quick_start.html"><img src="../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a></div>
+<div class="chapter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div>
+<div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="optional"></a>Boost.Optional</h2></div>
+<div><div class="author"><h3 class="author">
+<span class="firstname">Fernando Luis</span> <span class="surname">Cacciola Carballal</span>
+</h3></div></div>
+<div><p class="copyright">Copyright &#169; 2003-2007 Fernando Luis Cacciola Carballal</p></div>
+<div><p class="copyright">Copyright &#169; 2014-2018 Andrzej Krzemie&#324;ski</p></div>
+<div><div class="legalnotice">
+<a name="optional.legal"></a><p>
+        Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+        file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
+      </p>
+</div></div>
+</div></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl class="toc">
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="index.html#optional.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/quick_start.html">Quick Start</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/quick_start.html#boost_optional.quick_start.optional_return_values">Optional
+      return values</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/quick_start/optional_automatic_variables.html">Optional
+      automatic variables</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/quick_start/optional_data_members.html">Optional
+      data members</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/quick_start/bypassing_unnecessary_default_construction.html">Bypassing
+      unnecessary default construction</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/quick_start/storage_in_containers.html">Storage
+      in containers</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="optional/tutorial.html">Tutorial</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="optional/tutorial.html#boost_optional.tutorial.motivation">Motivation</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/design_overview.html">Design Overview</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/when_to_use_optional.html">When to
+      use Optional</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/relational_operators.html">Relational
+      operators</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/io_operators.html">IO operators</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/optional_references.html">Optional
+      references</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/in_place_factories.html">In-Place
+      Factories</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/gotchas.html">Gotchas</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/exception_safety_guarantees.html">Exception
+      Safety Guarantees</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/type_requirements.html">Type requirements</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/tutorial/performance_considerations.html">Performance
+      considerations</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="optional/reference.html">Reference</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="optional/reference.html#boost_optional.reference.header__boost_none_hpp_">Header
+      &lt;boost/none.hpp&gt;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/reference/header__boost_optional_bad_optional_access_hpp_.html">Header
+      &lt;boost/optional/bad_optional_access.hpp&gt;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/reference/io_header.html">Header &lt;boost/optional/optional_io.hpp&gt;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/reference/header__boost_optional_optional_fwd_hpp_.html">Header
+      &lt;boost/optional/optional_fwd.hpp&gt;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="optional/reference/header__boost_optional_optional_hpp_.html">Header
+      &lt;boost/optional/optional.hpp&gt;</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/reference/header__boost_optional_hpp_.html">Header
+      &lt;boost/optional.hpp&gt;</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/dependencies_and_portability.html">Dependencies
+    and Portability</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/dependencies_and_portability.html#boost_optional.dependencies_and_portability.dependencies">Dependencies</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/dependencies_and_portability/emplace_operations_in_older_compilers.html">Emplace
+      operations in older compilers</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/dependencies_and_portability/optional_reference_binding.html">Optional
+      Reference Binding</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/relnotes.html">Release Notes</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="boost_optional/acknowledgements.html">Acknowledgements</a></span></dt>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="optional.introduction"></a><a class="link" href="index.html#optional.introduction" title="Introduction">Introduction</a>
+</h2></div></div></div>
+<p>
+      Class template <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">optional</span></code> is
+      a wrapper for representing 'optional' (or 'nullable') objects who may not (yet)
+      contain a valid value. Optional objects offer full value semantics; they are
+      good for passing by value and usage inside STL containers. This is a header-only
+      library.
+    </p>
+<h4>
+<a name="optional.introduction.h0"></a>
+      <span class="phrase"><a name="optional.introduction.problem"></a></span><a class="link" href="index.html#optional.introduction.problem">Problem</a>
+    </h4>
+<p>
+      Suppose we want to read a parameter form a config file which represents some
+      integral value, let's call it <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"MaxValue"</span></code>.
+      It is possible that this parameter is not specified; such situation is no error.
+      It is valid to not specify the parameter and in that case the program is supposed
+      to behave slightly differently. Also, suppose that any possible value of type
+      <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code> is a valid value for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="string">"MaxValue"</span></code>, so we cannot just use
+      <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">-</span><span class="number">1</span></code>
+      to represent the absence of the parameter in the config file.
+    </p>
+<h4>
+<a name="optional.introduction.h1"></a>
+      <span class="phrase"><a name="optional.introduction.solution"></a></span><a class="link" href="index.html#optional.introduction.solution">Solution</a>
+    </h4>
+<p>
+      This is how you solve it with <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span></code>:
+    </p>
+<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">getConfigParam</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>  <span class="comment">// return either an int or a `not-an-int`</span>
+
+<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
+<span class="special">{</span>
+  <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">oi</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">getConfigParam</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"MaxValue"</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="comment">// did I get a real int?</span>
+    <span class="identifier">runWithMax</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">oi</span><span class="special">);</span>                                        <span class="comment">// use my int</span>
+  <span class="keyword">else</span>
+    <span class="identifier">runWithNoMax</span><span class="special">();</span>
+<span class="special">}</span>
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
+<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: July 02, 2018 at 21:10:01 GMT</small></p></td>
+<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer"></div></td>
+</tr></table>
+<hr>
+<div class="spirit-nav"><a accesskey="n" href="boost_optional/quick_start.html"><img src="../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a></div>
+</body>
+</html>