Squashed 'third_party/ceres/' changes from e51e9b46f..399cda773

399cda773 Update build documentation to reflect detection of Eigen via config mode
bb127272f Fix typos.
a0ec5c32a Update version history for 2.0.0RC2
3f6d27367 Unify symbol visibility configuration for all compilers
29c2912ee Unbreak the bazel build some more
bf47e1a36 Fix the Bazel build.
600e8c529 fix minor typos
bdcdcc78a update docs for changed cmake usage
3f69e5b36 Corrections from William Rucklidge
8bfdb02fb Rewrite uses of VLOG_IF and LOG_IF.
d1b35ffc1 Corrections from William Rucklidge
f34e80e91 Add dividers between licenses.
65c397dae Fix formatting
f63b1fea9 Add the MIT license text corresponding to the libmv derived files.
542613c13 minor formatting fix for trust_region_minimizer.cc
6d9e9843d Remove inclusion of ceres/eigen.h
eafeca5dc Fix a logging bug in TrustRegionMinimizer.
1fd0be916 Fix default initialisation of IterationCallback::cost
137bbe845 add info about clang-format to contributing docs
d3f66d77f fix formatting generated files (best effort)
a9c7361c8 minor formatting fix (wrongly updated in earlier commit)
7b8f675bf fix formatting for (non-generated) internal source files
921368ce3 Fix a number of typos in covariance.h
7b6b2491c fix formatting for examples
82275d8a4 some fixes for Linux and macOS install docs
9d762d74f fix formatting for public header files
c76478c48 gitignore *.pyc
4e69a475c Fix potential for mismatched release/debug TBB libraries
8e1d8e32a A number of small changes.
368a738e5 AutoDiffCostFunction: optional ownership
8cbd721c1 Add erf and erfc to jet.h, including tests in jet_test.cc
31366cff2 Benchmarks for dynamic autodiff.
29fb08aea Use CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH to pass Homebrew install location
242c703b5 Minor fixes to the documentation
79bbf9510 Add changelog for 2.0.0
41d05f13d Fix lint errors in evaluation_callback_test.cc
4b67903c1 Remove unused variables from problem_test.cc
10449fc36 Add Apache license to the LICENSE file for FixedArray
8c3ecec6d Fix some minor errors in IterationCallback docs
7d3ffcb42 Remove forced CONFIG from find_package(Eigen3)
a029fc0f9 Use latest FindTBB.cmake from VTK project
aa1abbc57 Replace use of GFLAGS_LIBRARIES with export gflags target
db2af1be8 Add Problem::EvaluateResidualBlockAssumingParametersUnchanged
ab4ed32cd Replace NULL with nullptr in the documentation.
ee280e27a Allow SubsetParameterization to accept an empty vector of constant parameters.
4b8c731d8 Fix a bug in DynamicAutoDiffCostFunction
5cb5b35a9 Fixed incorrect argument name in RotationMatrixToQuaternion()
e39d9ed1d Add a missing term and remove a superfluous word
27cab77b6 Reformulate some sentences
8ac6655ce Fix documentation formatting issues
7ef83e075 Update minimum required C++ version for Ceres to C++14
1d75e7568 Improve documentation for LocalParameterization
763398ca4 Update the section on Preconditioners
a614f788a Call EvaluationCallback before evaluating the fixed cost.
70308f7bb Simplify documentation generation.
e886d7e65 Reduce the number of minimizer iterations in evaluation_callback_test.cc
9483e6f2f Simplify DynamicCompressedRowJacobianWriter::Write
323cc55bb Update the version in package.xml to 2.0.0.
303b078b5 Fix few typos and alter a NULL to nullptr.
cca93fed6 Bypass Ceres' FindGlog.cmake in CeresConfig.cmake if possible
77fc1d0fc Use build_depend for private dependencies in Catkin package.xml
a09682f00 Fix MSVC version check to support use of clang-cl front-end
b70687fcc Add namespace qualified Ceres::ceres CMake target
99efa54bd Replace type aliases deprecated/removed in C++17/C++20 from FixedArray
adb973e4a NULL -> nullptr
27b717951 Respect FIND_QUIETLY flag in cmake config file
646959ef1 Do not export class template LineParameterization
1f128d070 Change the type of parameter index/offset to match their getter/setter
072c8f070 Initialize integer variables with integer instead of double
8c36bcc81 Use inline & -inlinehint-threshold in auto-diff benchmarks
57cf20aa5 static const -> static constexpr where we can.
40b27482a Add std::numeric_limit specialization for Jets
e751d6e4f Remove AutodiffCodegen
e9eb76f8e Remove AutodiffCodegen CMake integration
9435e08a7 More clang-tidy and wjr@ comment fixes
d93fac4b7 Remove AutodiffCodegen Tests
2281c6ed2 Fixes for comments from William Rucklidge
d797a87a4 Use Ridders' method in GradientChecker.
41675682d Fix a MSVC type deduction bug in ComputeHouseholderVector
947ec0c1f Remove AutodiffCodegen autodiff benchmarks
27183d661 Allow LocalParameterizations to have zero local size.
7ac7d79dc Remove HelloWorldCodegen example
8c8738bf8 Add photometric and relative-pose residuals to autodiff benchmarks
9f7fb66d6 Add a constant cost function to the autodiff benchmarks
ab0d373e4 Fix a comment in autodiff.h
27bb99714 Change SVD algorithm in covariance computation.
84fdac38e Add const to GetCovarianceMatrix*
6bde61d6b Add line local parameterization.
2c1c0932e Update documentation in autodiff.h
8904fa488 Inline Jet initialization in Autodiff
18a464d4e Remove an errant CR from local_parameterization.cc
5c85f2179 Use ArraySelector in Autodiff
80477ff07 Add class ArraySelector
e7a30359e Pass kNumResiduals to Autodiff
f339d71dd Refactor the automatic differentiation benchmarks.
d37b4cb15 Fix some include headers in codegen/test_utils.cc/h
550766e6d Add Autodiff Brdf Benchmark
8da9876e7 Add more autodiff benchmarks
6da364713 Fix Tukey loss function
cf4185c4e Add Codegen BA Benchmark
75dd30fae Simplify GenerateCodeForFunctor
9049688c6 Default Initialize ExpressionRef to Zero
bf1aff2f0 Fix 3+ nested Jet constructor
92d6541c7 Move Codegen files into codegen/ directory
8e962f37d Add Autodiff Codegen Tests
13c7a22ce Codegen Optimizer API
90799e29e Fix install and unnecessary string copy
032d5844c AutoDiff Code Generation - CMake Integration
d82de91b8 Add ExpressionGraph::Erase(ExpressionId)
c8e35e19f Add namespaces to generated functions and constants
75e575cae Fix use of incomplete type in defaulted Problem methods
8def19616 Remove ExpressionRef Move Constructor
f26f95410 Fix windows MSVC build.
fdf9cfd32 Add functions to find the matching ELSE, ENDIF expressions
678c05b28 Fix invert PSD matrix.
a384a7e96 Remove not used using declaration
a60136b7a Add COMMENT ExpressionType
f212c9295 Let Problem::SetParameterization be called more than once.
a3696835b use CMake function to create CeresConfigVersion
67fcff918 Make Problem movable.
19728e72d Add documentation for Problem::IsParameterBlockConstant
ba6e5fb4a Make the custom uninstall target optional
8547cbd55 Make EventLogger more efficient.
edb8322bd Update the minimum required version of Eigen to 3.3.
aa6ef417f Specify Eigen3_DIR in iOS and Android Travis CI builds
4655f2549 Use find_package() instead of find_dependency() in CeresConfig.cmake
a548766d1 Use glfags target
33dd469a5 Use Eigen3::Eigen target
47e784bb4 NULL-jacobians are handled correctly in generated autodiff code
edd54b83e Update Jet.h and rotation.h to use the new IF/ELSE macros
848c1f90c Update return type in code generator and add tests for logical functions
5010421bb Add the expression return type as a member to Expression
f4dc670ee Improve testing of the codegen system
572ec4a5a Rework Expression creation and insertion
c7337154e Disable the code generation module by default
7fa0f3db4 Explicitly state PUBLIC/PRIVATE when linking
4362a2169 Run clang-format on the public headers. Also update copyright year.
c56702aac Fix installation of codegen headers
0d03e74dc Fix the include in the autodiff codegen example
d16026440 Autodiff Codegen Part 4: Public API
d1703db45 Moved AutoDiffCodeGen macros to a separate (public) header
5ce6c063d Fix ExpressionRef copy constructor and add a move constructor
a90b5a12c Pass ExpressionRef by const reference instead of by value
ea057678c Remove MakeFunctionCall() and add test for Ternary
1084c5460 Quote all configure-expanded paths
3d756b07c Test Expressions with 'insert' instead of a macro
486d81812 Add ExpressionGraph::InsertExpression
3831a1dd3 Expression and ExpressionGraph comparison
9bb1dcb84 Remove definition of ExpressionRef::ExpressionRef(double&);
5be2e4883 Autodiff Codegen Part 3: CodeGenerator
6cd633043 Remove unused ExpressionTypes
7d0d69a4d Fix ExpressionRef
6ba8c57d2 Fix expression_test IsArithmetic
2b494cfb3 Update Travis CI to Bionic & Xcode 11.2
a3dde6877 Require Xcode >= 11.2 on macOS 10.15 (Catalina)
6fd4f072d Autodiff Codegen Part 2: Conditionals
52d6477a4 Detect and disable -fstack-check on macOS 10.15 with Xcode 11
46ca461b7 Fix `gradient_check_relative_precision` docs typo
4247d420f Autodiff Codegen Part 1: Expressions
ba62397d8 Run clang-format on jet.h
667062dcc Introduce BlockSparseMatrixData
17becf461 Remove a CHECK failure from covariance_impl.cc
d7f428e5c Add a missing cast in rotation.h
ea4d66e7e clang-tidy fixes.
be15b842a Integrate the SchurEliminatorForOneFBlock for the case <2,3,6>
087b28f1b Remove use of SetUsage as it creates compilation problems.
573046d7f Protect declarations of lapack functions under CERES_NO_LAPACK
71d638ef3 Add a specialized schur eliminator.
2ffddaccf Use override & final instead of just using virtual.
e4577dd6d Use override instead of virtual for subclasses.
3e5db5bc2 Fixing documentation typo.
82d325b73 Avoid memory allocations in Accelerate Sparse[Refactor/Solve]().
f66b51382 Fix some clang-tidy warnings.
0428e2dd0 Fix missing #include of <memory>
487c1aa51 Expose SubsetPreconditioner in the API
bf709ecac Move EvaluationCallback from Solver::Options to Problem::Options.
059bcb7f8 Drop ROS dependency on catkin
c4dbc927d Default to any other sparse libraries over Accelerate
db1f5b57a Allow some methods in Problem to use const double*.
a60c14525 Explicitly delete the copy constructor and copy assignment operator
084042c25 Lint changes from William Rucklidge
93d869020 Use selfAdjoingView<Upper> in InvertPSDMatrix.
a0cd0854a Speed up InvertPSDMatrix
7b53262b7 Allow Solver::Options::max_num_line_search_step_size_iterations = 0.
3e2cdca54 Make LineSearchMinizer work correctly with negative valued functions.
3ff12a878 Fix a clang-tidy warning in problem_test.cc
57441fe90 Fix two bugs.
1b852c57e Add Problem::EvaluateResidualBlock.
54ba6c27b Fix missing declaration warnings in Ceres code
fac46d50e Modernize ProductParameterization.
53dc6213f Add some missing string-to-enum-to-string convertors.
c0aa9a263 Add checks in rotation.h for inplace operations.
0f57fa82d Update Bazel WORKSPACE for newest Bazel
f8e5fba7b TripletSparseMatrix: guard against self-assignment
939253c20 Fix Eigen alignment issues.
bf67daf79 Add the missing <array> header to fixed_array.h
25e1cdbb6 Switch to FixedArray implementation from abseil.
d467a627b IdentityTransformation -> IdentityParameterization
eaec6a9d0 Fix more typos in CostFunctionToFunctor documentation.
99b5aa4aa Fix typos in CostFunctionToFunctor documentation.
ee7e2cb3c Set Homebrew paths via HINTS not CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH
4f8a01853 Revert "Fix custom Eigen on macos (EIGEN_INCLUDE_DIR_HINTS)"
e6c5c7226 Fix custom Eigen on macos (EIGEN_INCLUDE_DIR_HINTS)
5a56d522e Add the 3,3,3 template specialization.
df5c23116 Reorder initializer list to make -Wreorder happy
0fcfdb0b4 Fix the build breakage caused by the last commit.
9b9e9f0dc Reduce machoness of macro definition in cost_functor_to_function_test.cc
21d40daa0 Remove UTF-8 chars
9350e57a4 Enable optional use of sanitizers
0456edffb Update Travis CI Linux distro to 16.04 (Xenial)
bef0dfe35 Fix a typo in cubic_interpolation.h
056ba9bb1 Add AutoDiffFirstOrderFunction
6e527392d Update googletest/googlemock to db9b85e2.
1b2940749 Clarify documentation of BiCubicInterpolator::Evaluate for out-of-bounds values

Change-Id: Id61dd832e8fbe286deb0799aa1399d4017031dae
git-subtree-dir: third_party/ceres
git-subtree-split: 399cda773035d99eaf1f4a129a666b3c4df9d1b1
diff --git a/internal/ceres/gmock_gtest_all.cc b/internal/ceres/gmock_gtest_all.cc
index b3d980b..dd43444 100644
--- a/internal/ceres/gmock_gtest_all.cc
+++ b/internal/ceres/gmock_gtest_all.cc
@@ -26,10 +26,9 @@
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
 //
-// Author: mheule@google.com (Markus Heule)
-//
-// Google C++ Testing Framework (Google Test)
+// Google C++ Testing and Mocking Framework (Google Test)
 //
 // Sometimes it's desirable to build Google Test by compiling a single file.
 // This file serves this purpose.
@@ -67,10 +66,9 @@
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
 //
-// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
-//
-// The Google C++ Testing Framework (Google Test)
+// The Google C++ Testing and Mocking Framework (Google Test)
 
 // Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
 // All rights reserved.
@@ -100,16 +98,20 @@
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
+
 //
 // Utilities for testing Google Test itself and code that uses Google Test
 // (e.g. frameworks built on top of Google Test).
 
+// GOOGLETEST_CM0004 DO NOT DELETE
+
 #ifndef GTEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_SPI_H_
 #define GTEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_SPI_H_
 
 
+GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_PUSH_(4251 \
+/* class A needs to have dll-interface to be used by clients of class B */)
+
 namespace testing {
 
 // This helper class can be used to mock out Google Test failure reporting
@@ -141,14 +143,15 @@
                                    TestPartResultArray* result);
 
   // The d'tor restores the previous test part result reporter.
-  virtual ~ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter();
+  ~ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter() override;
 
   // Appends the TestPartResult object to the TestPartResultArray
   // received in the constructor.
   //
   // This method is from the TestPartResultReporterInterface
   // interface.
-  virtual void ReportTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& result);
+  void ReportTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& result) override;
+
  private:
   void Init();
 
@@ -170,13 +173,12 @@
  public:
   // The constructor remembers the arguments.
   SingleFailureChecker(const TestPartResultArray* results,
-                       TestPartResult::Type type,
-                       const string& substr);
+                       TestPartResult::Type type, const std::string& substr);
   ~SingleFailureChecker();
  private:
   const TestPartResultArray* const results_;
   const TestPartResult::Type type_;
-  const string substr_;
+  const std::string substr_;
 
   GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(SingleFailureChecker);
 };
@@ -185,6 +187,8 @@
 
 }  // namespace testing
 
+GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_POP_()  //  4251
+
 // A set of macros for testing Google Test assertions or code that's expected
 // to generate Google Test fatal failures.  It verifies that the given
 // statement will cause exactly one fatal Google Test failure with 'substr'
@@ -324,8 +328,6 @@
 
 #if GTEST_OS_LINUX
 
-// TODO(kenton@google.com): Use autoconf to detect availability of
-// gettimeofday().
 # define GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_ 1
 
 # include <fcntl.h>  // NOLINT
@@ -338,10 +340,6 @@
 # include <unistd.h>  // NOLINT
 # include <string>
 
-#elif GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN
-# define GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_ 1
-# include <sys/time.h>  // NOLINT
-
 #elif GTEST_OS_ZOS
 # define GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_ 1
 # include <sys/time.h>  // NOLINT
@@ -363,11 +361,6 @@
 
 # if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MINGW
 // MinGW has gettimeofday() but not _ftime64().
-// TODO(kenton@google.com): Use autoconf to detect availability of
-//   gettimeofday().
-// TODO(kenton@google.com): There are other ways to get the time on
-//   Windows, like GetTickCount() or GetSystemTimeAsFileTime().  MinGW
-//   supports these.  consider using them instead.
 #  define GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_ 1
 #  include <sys/time.h>  // NOLINT
 # endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MINGW
@@ -380,8 +373,6 @@
 #else
 
 // Assume other platforms have gettimeofday().
-// TODO(kenton@google.com): Use autoconf to detect availability of
-//   gettimeofday().
 # define GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_ 1
 
 // cpplint thinks that the header is already included, so we want to
@@ -402,12 +393,6 @@
 # include <sys/types.h>  // NOLINT
 #endif
 
-// Indicates that this translation unit is part of Google Test's
-// implementation.  It must come before gtest-internal-inl.h is
-// included, or there will be a compiler error.  This trick is to
-// prevent a user from accidentally including gtest-internal-inl.h in
-// his code.
-#define GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_ 1
 // Copyright 2005, Google Inc.
 // All rights reserved.
 //
@@ -437,24 +422,13 @@
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 
-// Utility functions and classes used by the Google C++ testing framework.
-//
-// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
-//
+// Utility functions and classes used by the Google C++ testing framework.//
 // This file contains purely Google Test's internal implementation.  Please
 // DO NOT #INCLUDE IT IN A USER PROGRAM.
 
 #ifndef GTEST_SRC_GTEST_INTERNAL_INL_H_
 #define GTEST_SRC_GTEST_INTERNAL_INL_H_
 
-// GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_ is defined to 1 iff the current translation unit is
-// part of Google Test's implementation; otherwise it's undefined.
-#if !GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_
-// If this file is included from the user's code, just say no.
-# error "gtest-internal-inl.h is part of Google Test's internal implementation."
-# error "It must not be included except by Google Test itself."
-#endif  // GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_
-
 #ifndef _WIN32_WCE
 # include <errno.h>
 #endif  // !_WIN32_WCE
@@ -463,6 +437,7 @@
 #include <string.h>  // For memmove.
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -477,6 +452,9 @@
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
 
+GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_PUSH_(4251 \
+/* class A needs to have dll-interface to be used by clients of class B */)
+
 namespace testing {
 
 // Declares the flags.
@@ -501,6 +479,7 @@
 const char kListTestsFlag[] = "list_tests";
 const char kOutputFlag[] = "output";
 const char kPrintTimeFlag[] = "print_time";
+const char kPrintUTF8Flag[] = "print_utf8";
 const char kRandomSeedFlag[] = "random_seed";
 const char kRepeatFlag[] = "repeat";
 const char kShuffleFlag[] = "shuffle";
@@ -581,6 +560,7 @@
     list_tests_ = GTEST_FLAG(list_tests);
     output_ = GTEST_FLAG(output);
     print_time_ = GTEST_FLAG(print_time);
+    print_utf8_ = GTEST_FLAG(print_utf8);
     random_seed_ = GTEST_FLAG(random_seed);
     repeat_ = GTEST_FLAG(repeat);
     shuffle_ = GTEST_FLAG(shuffle);
@@ -602,6 +582,7 @@
     GTEST_FLAG(list_tests) = list_tests_;
     GTEST_FLAG(output) = output_;
     GTEST_FLAG(print_time) = print_time_;
+    GTEST_FLAG(print_utf8) = print_utf8_;
     GTEST_FLAG(random_seed) = random_seed_;
     GTEST_FLAG(repeat) = repeat_;
     GTEST_FLAG(shuffle) = shuffle_;
@@ -623,6 +604,7 @@
   bool list_tests_;
   std::string output_;
   bool print_time_;
+  bool print_utf8_;
   internal::Int32 random_seed_;
   internal::Int32 repeat_;
   bool shuffle_;
@@ -641,7 +623,7 @@
 
 // Converts a wide string to a narrow string in UTF-8 encoding.
 // The wide string is assumed to have the following encoding:
-//   UTF-16 if sizeof(wchar_t) == 2 (on Windows, Cygwin, Symbian OS)
+//   UTF-16 if sizeof(wchar_t) == 2 (on Windows, Cygwin)
 //   UTF-32 if sizeof(wchar_t) == 4 (on Linux)
 // Parameter str points to a null-terminated wide string.
 // Parameter num_chars may additionally limit the number
@@ -798,10 +780,10 @@
   // works well enough for matching test names, which are short.
   static bool PatternMatchesString(const char *pattern, const char *str);
 
-  // Returns true iff the user-specified filter matches the test case
+  // Returns true iff the user-specified filter matches the test suite
   // name and the test name.
-  static bool FilterMatchesTest(const std::string &test_case_name,
-                                const std::string &test_name);
+  static bool FilterMatchesTest(const std::string& test_suite_name,
+                                const std::string& test_name);
 
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
   // Function for supporting the gtest_catch_exception flag.
@@ -833,7 +815,7 @@
   //                in the trace.
   //   skip_count - the number of top frames to be skipped; doesn't count
   //                against max_depth.
-  virtual string CurrentStackTrace(int max_depth, int skip_count) = 0;
+  virtual std::string CurrentStackTrace(int max_depth, int skip_count) = 0;
 
   // UponLeavingGTest() should be called immediately before Google Test calls
   // user code. It saves some information about the current stack that
@@ -853,10 +835,20 @@
  public:
   OsStackTraceGetter() {}
 
-  virtual string CurrentStackTrace(int max_depth, int skip_count);
-  virtual void UponLeavingGTest();
+  std::string CurrentStackTrace(int max_depth, int skip_count) override;
+  void UponLeavingGTest() override;
 
  private:
+#if GTEST_HAS_ABSL
+  Mutex mutex_;  // Protects all internal state.
+
+  // We save the stack frame below the frame that calls user code.
+  // We do this because the address of the frame immediately below
+  // the user code changes between the call to UponLeavingGTest()
+  // and any calls to the stack trace code from within the user code.
+  void* caller_frame_ = nullptr;
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_ABSL
+
   GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(OsStackTraceGetter);
 };
 
@@ -875,7 +867,7 @@
   explicit DefaultGlobalTestPartResultReporter(UnitTestImpl* unit_test);
   // Implements the TestPartResultReporterInterface. Reports the test part
   // result in the current test.
-  virtual void ReportTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& result);
+  void ReportTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& result) override;
 
  private:
   UnitTestImpl* const unit_test_;
@@ -891,7 +883,7 @@
   explicit DefaultPerThreadTestPartResultReporter(UnitTestImpl* unit_test);
   // Implements the TestPartResultReporterInterface. The implementation just
   // delegates to the current global test part result reporter of *unit_test_.
-  virtual void ReportTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& result);
+  void ReportTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& result) override;
 
  private:
   UnitTestImpl* const unit_test_;
@@ -929,22 +921,25 @@
   void SetTestPartResultReporterForCurrentThread(
       TestPartResultReporterInterface* reporter);
 
-  // Gets the number of successful test cases.
-  int successful_test_case_count() const;
+  // Gets the number of successful test suites.
+  int successful_test_suite_count() const;
 
-  // Gets the number of failed test cases.
-  int failed_test_case_count() const;
+  // Gets the number of failed test suites.
+  int failed_test_suite_count() const;
 
-  // Gets the number of all test cases.
-  int total_test_case_count() const;
+  // Gets the number of all test suites.
+  int total_test_suite_count() const;
 
-  // Gets the number of all test cases that contain at least one test
+  // Gets the number of all test suites that contain at least one test
   // that should run.
-  int test_case_to_run_count() const;
+  int test_suite_to_run_count() const;
 
   // Gets the number of successful tests.
   int successful_test_count() const;
 
+  // Gets the number of skipped tests.
+  int skipped_test_count() const;
+
   // Gets the number of failed tests.
   int failed_test_count() const;
 
@@ -970,27 +965,32 @@
   // Gets the elapsed time, in milliseconds.
   TimeInMillis elapsed_time() const { return elapsed_time_; }
 
-  // Returns true iff the unit test passed (i.e. all test cases passed).
+  // Returns true iff the unit test passed (i.e. all test suites passed).
   bool Passed() const { return !Failed(); }
 
-  // Returns true iff the unit test failed (i.e. some test case failed
+  // Returns true iff the unit test failed (i.e. some test suite failed
   // or something outside of all tests failed).
   bool Failed() const {
-    return failed_test_case_count() > 0 || ad_hoc_test_result()->Failed();
+    return failed_test_suite_count() > 0 || ad_hoc_test_result()->Failed();
   }
 
-  // Gets the i-th test case among all the test cases. i can range from 0 to
-  // total_test_case_count() - 1. If i is not in that range, returns NULL.
-  const TestCase* GetTestCase(int i) const {
-    const int index = GetElementOr(test_case_indices_, i, -1);
-    return index < 0 ? NULL : test_cases_[i];
+  // Gets the i-th test suite among all the test suites. i can range from 0 to
+  // total_test_suite_count() - 1. If i is not in that range, returns NULL.
+  const TestSuite* GetTestSuite(int i) const {
+    const int index = GetElementOr(test_suite_indices_, i, -1);
+    return index < 0 ? nullptr : test_suites_[i];
   }
 
-  // Gets the i-th test case among all the test cases. i can range from 0 to
-  // total_test_case_count() - 1. If i is not in that range, returns NULL.
-  TestCase* GetMutableTestCase(int i) {
-    const int index = GetElementOr(test_case_indices_, i, -1);
-    return index < 0 ? NULL : test_cases_[index];
+  //  Legacy API is deprecated but still available
+#ifndef GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI_
+  const TestCase* GetTestCase(int i) const { return GetTestSuite(i); }
+#endif  //  GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI_
+
+  // Gets the i-th test suite among all the test suites. i can range from 0 to
+  // total_test_suite_count() - 1. If i is not in that range, returns NULL.
+  TestSuite* GetMutableSuiteCase(int i) {
+    const int index = GetElementOr(test_suite_indices_, i, -1);
+    return index < 0 ? nullptr : test_suites_[index];
   }
 
   // Provides access to the event listener list.
@@ -1027,30 +1027,38 @@
   // trace but Bar() and CurrentOsStackTraceExceptTop() won't.
   std::string CurrentOsStackTraceExceptTop(int skip_count) GTEST_NO_INLINE_;
 
-  // Finds and returns a TestCase with the given name.  If one doesn't
+  // Finds and returns a TestSuite with the given name.  If one doesn't
   // exist, creates one and returns it.
   //
   // Arguments:
   //
-  //   test_case_name: name of the test case
+  //   test_suite_name: name of the test suite
   //   type_param:     the name of the test's type parameter, or NULL if
   //                   this is not a typed or a type-parameterized test.
-  //   set_up_tc:      pointer to the function that sets up the test case
-  //   tear_down_tc:   pointer to the function that tears down the test case
-  TestCase* GetTestCase(const char* test_case_name,
-                        const char* type_param,
-                        Test::SetUpTestCaseFunc set_up_tc,
-                        Test::TearDownTestCaseFunc tear_down_tc);
+  //   set_up_tc:      pointer to the function that sets up the test suite
+  //   tear_down_tc:   pointer to the function that tears down the test suite
+  TestSuite* GetTestSuite(const char* test_suite_name, const char* type_param,
+                          internal::SetUpTestSuiteFunc set_up_tc,
+                          internal::TearDownTestSuiteFunc tear_down_tc);
+
+//  Legacy API is deprecated but still available
+#ifndef GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI_
+  TestCase* GetTestCase(const char* test_case_name, const char* type_param,
+                        internal::SetUpTestSuiteFunc set_up_tc,
+                        internal::TearDownTestSuiteFunc tear_down_tc) {
+    return GetTestSuite(test_case_name, type_param, set_up_tc, tear_down_tc);
+  }
+#endif  //  GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI_
 
   // Adds a TestInfo to the unit test.
   //
   // Arguments:
   //
-  //   set_up_tc:    pointer to the function that sets up the test case
-  //   tear_down_tc: pointer to the function that tears down the test case
+  //   set_up_tc:    pointer to the function that sets up the test suite
+  //   tear_down_tc: pointer to the function that tears down the test suite
   //   test_info:    the TestInfo object
-  void AddTestInfo(Test::SetUpTestCaseFunc set_up_tc,
-                   Test::TearDownTestCaseFunc tear_down_tc,
+  void AddTestInfo(internal::SetUpTestSuiteFunc set_up_tc,
+                   internal::TearDownTestSuiteFunc tear_down_tc,
                    TestInfo* test_info) {
     // In order to support thread-safe death tests, we need to
     // remember the original working directory when the test program
@@ -1065,23 +1073,20 @@
           << "Failed to get the current working directory.";
     }
 
-    GetTestCase(test_info->test_case_name(),
-                test_info->type_param(),
-                set_up_tc,
-                tear_down_tc)->AddTestInfo(test_info);
+    GetTestSuite(test_info->test_suite_name(), test_info->type_param(),
+                 set_up_tc, tear_down_tc)
+        ->AddTestInfo(test_info);
   }
 
-#if GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
-  // Returns ParameterizedTestCaseRegistry object used to keep track of
+  // Returns ParameterizedTestSuiteRegistry object used to keep track of
   // value-parameterized tests and instantiate and register them.
-  internal::ParameterizedTestCaseRegistry& parameterized_test_registry() {
+  internal::ParameterizedTestSuiteRegistry& parameterized_test_registry() {
     return parameterized_test_registry_;
   }
-#endif  // GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
 
-  // Sets the TestCase object for the test that's currently running.
-  void set_current_test_case(TestCase* a_current_test_case) {
-    current_test_case_ = a_current_test_case;
+  // Sets the TestSuite object for the test that's currently running.
+  void set_current_test_suite(TestSuite* a_current_test_suite) {
+    current_test_suite_ = a_current_test_suite;
   }
 
   // Sets the TestInfo object for the test that's currently running.  If
@@ -1092,7 +1097,7 @@
   }
 
   // Registers all parameterized tests defined using TEST_P and
-  // INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P, creating regular tests for each test/parameter
+  // INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P, creating regular tests for each test/parameter
   // combination. This method can be called more then once; it has guards
   // protecting from registering the tests more then once.  If
   // value-parameterized tests are disabled, RegisterParameterizedTests is
@@ -1107,7 +1112,7 @@
 
   // Clears the results of all tests, except the ad hoc tests.
   void ClearNonAdHocTestResult() {
-    ForEach(test_cases_, TestCase::ClearTestCaseResult);
+    ForEach(test_suites_, TestSuite::ClearTestSuiteResult);
   }
 
   // Clears the results of ad-hoc test assertions.
@@ -1116,7 +1121,7 @@
   }
 
   // Adds a TestProperty to the current TestResult object when invoked in a
-  // context of a test or a test case, or to the global property set. If the
+  // context of a test or a test suite, or to the global property set. If the
   // result already contains a property with the same key, the value will be
   // updated.
   void RecordProperty(const TestProperty& test_property);
@@ -1128,7 +1133,7 @@
 
   // Matches the full name of each test against the user-specified
   // filter to decide whether the test should run, then records the
-  // result in each TestCase and TestInfo object.
+  // result in each TestSuite and TestInfo object.
   // If shard_tests == HONOR_SHARDING_PROTOCOL, further filters tests
   // based on sharding variables in the environment.
   // Returns the number of tests that should run.
@@ -1137,7 +1142,7 @@
   // Prints the names of the tests matching the user-specified filter flag.
   void ListTestsMatchingFilter();
 
-  const TestCase* current_test_case() const { return current_test_case_; }
+  const TestSuite* current_test_suite() const { return current_test_suite_; }
   TestInfo* current_test_info() { return current_test_info_; }
   const TestInfo* current_test_info() const { return current_test_info_; }
 
@@ -1198,11 +1203,11 @@
   // Gets the random number generator.
   internal::Random* random() { return &random_; }
 
-  // Shuffles all test cases, and the tests within each test case,
+  // Shuffles all test suites, and the tests within each test suite,
   // making sure that death tests are still run first.
   void ShuffleTests();
 
-  // Restores the test cases and tests to their order before the first shuffle.
+  // Restores the test suites and tests to their order before the first shuffle.
   void UnshuffleTests();
 
   // Returns the value of GTEST_FLAG(catch_exceptions) at the moment
@@ -1242,33 +1247,31 @@
   // before/after the tests are run.
   std::vector<Environment*> environments_;
 
-  // The vector of TestCases in their original order.  It owns the
+  // The vector of TestSuites in their original order.  It owns the
   // elements in the vector.
-  std::vector<TestCase*> test_cases_;
+  std::vector<TestSuite*> test_suites_;
 
-  // Provides a level of indirection for the test case list to allow
-  // easy shuffling and restoring the test case order.  The i-th
-  // element of this vector is the index of the i-th test case in the
+  // Provides a level of indirection for the test suite list to allow
+  // easy shuffling and restoring the test suite order.  The i-th
+  // element of this vector is the index of the i-th test suite in the
   // shuffled order.
-  std::vector<int> test_case_indices_;
+  std::vector<int> test_suite_indices_;
 
-#if GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
   // ParameterizedTestRegistry object used to register value-parameterized
   // tests.
-  internal::ParameterizedTestCaseRegistry parameterized_test_registry_;
+  internal::ParameterizedTestSuiteRegistry parameterized_test_registry_;
 
   // Indicates whether RegisterParameterizedTests() has been called already.
   bool parameterized_tests_registered_;
-#endif  // GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
 
-  // Index of the last death test case registered.  Initially -1.
-  int last_death_test_case_;
+  // Index of the last death test suite registered.  Initially -1.
+  int last_death_test_suite_;
 
-  // This points to the TestCase for the currently running test.  It
-  // changes as Google Test goes through one test case after another.
+  // This points to the TestSuite for the currently running test.  It
+  // changes as Google Test goes through one test suite after another.
   // When no test is running, this is set to NULL and Google Test
   // stores assertion results in ad_hoc_test_result_.  Initially NULL.
-  TestCase* current_test_case_;
+  TestSuite* current_test_suite_;
 
   // This points to the TestInfo for the currently running test.  It
   // changes as Google Test goes through one test after another.  When
@@ -1315,8 +1318,8 @@
 #if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
   // The decomposed components of the gtest_internal_run_death_test flag,
   // parsed when RUN_ALL_TESTS is called.
-  internal::scoped_ptr<InternalRunDeathTestFlag> internal_run_death_test_flag_;
-  internal::scoped_ptr<internal::DeathTestFactory> death_test_factory_;
+  std::unique_ptr<InternalRunDeathTestFlag> internal_run_death_test_flag_;
+  std::unique_ptr<internal::DeathTestFactory> death_test_factory_;
 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
 
   // A per-thread stack of traces created by the SCOPED_TRACE() macro.
@@ -1399,8 +1402,6 @@
 
   const bool parse_success = *end == '\0' && errno == 0;
 
-  // TODO(vladl@google.com): Convert this to compile time assertion when it is
-  // available.
   GTEST_CHECK_(sizeof(Integer) <= sizeof(parsed));
 
   const Integer result = static_cast<Integer>(parsed);
@@ -1439,7 +1440,7 @@
 #if GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
 
 // Streams test results to the given port on the given host machine.
-class GTEST_API_ StreamingListener : public EmptyTestEventListener {
+class StreamingListener : public EmptyTestEventListener {
  public:
   // Abstract base class for writing strings to a socket.
   class AbstractSocketWriter {
@@ -1447,32 +1448,30 @@
     virtual ~AbstractSocketWriter() {}
 
     // Sends a string to the socket.
-    virtual void Send(const string& message) = 0;
+    virtual void Send(const std::string& message) = 0;
 
     // Closes the socket.
     virtual void CloseConnection() {}
 
     // Sends a string and a newline to the socket.
-    void SendLn(const string& message) {
-      Send(message + "\n");
-    }
+    void SendLn(const std::string& message) { Send(message + "\n"); }
   };
 
   // Concrete class for actually writing strings to a socket.
   class SocketWriter : public AbstractSocketWriter {
    public:
-    SocketWriter(const string& host, const string& port)
+    SocketWriter(const std::string& host, const std::string& port)
         : sockfd_(-1), host_name_(host), port_num_(port) {
       MakeConnection();
     }
 
-    virtual ~SocketWriter() {
+    ~SocketWriter() override {
       if (sockfd_ != -1)
         CloseConnection();
     }
 
     // Sends a string to the socket.
-    virtual void Send(const string& message) {
+    void Send(const std::string& message) override {
       GTEST_CHECK_(sockfd_ != -1)
           << "Send() can be called only when there is a connection.";
 
@@ -1489,7 +1488,7 @@
     void MakeConnection();
 
     // Closes the socket.
-    void CloseConnection() {
+    void CloseConnection() override {
       GTEST_CHECK_(sockfd_ != -1)
           << "CloseConnection() can be called only when there is a connection.";
 
@@ -1498,26 +1497,28 @@
     }
 
     int sockfd_;  // socket file descriptor
-    const string host_name_;
-    const string port_num_;
+    const std::string host_name_;
+    const std::string port_num_;
 
     GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(SocketWriter);
   };  // class SocketWriter
 
   // Escapes '=', '&', '%', and '\n' characters in str as "%xx".
-  static string UrlEncode(const char* str);
+  static std::string UrlEncode(const char* str);
 
-  StreamingListener(const string& host, const string& port)
-      : socket_writer_(new SocketWriter(host, port)) { Start(); }
+  StreamingListener(const std::string& host, const std::string& port)
+      : socket_writer_(new SocketWriter(host, port)) {
+    Start();
+  }
 
   explicit StreamingListener(AbstractSocketWriter* socket_writer)
       : socket_writer_(socket_writer) { Start(); }
 
-  void OnTestProgramStart(const UnitTest& /* unit_test */) {
+  void OnTestProgramStart(const UnitTest& /* unit_test */) override {
     SendLn("event=TestProgramStart");
   }
 
-  void OnTestProgramEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test) {
+  void OnTestProgramEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test) override {
     // Note that Google Test current only report elapsed time for each
     // test iteration, not for the entire test program.
     SendLn("event=TestProgramEnd&passed=" + FormatBool(unit_test.Passed()));
@@ -1526,42 +1527,47 @@
     socket_writer_->CloseConnection();
   }
 
-  void OnTestIterationStart(const UnitTest& /* unit_test */, int iteration) {
+  void OnTestIterationStart(const UnitTest& /* unit_test */,
+                            int iteration) override {
     SendLn("event=TestIterationStart&iteration=" +
            StreamableToString(iteration));
   }
 
-  void OnTestIterationEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test, int /* iteration */) {
+  void OnTestIterationEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test,
+                          int /* iteration */) override {
     SendLn("event=TestIterationEnd&passed=" +
            FormatBool(unit_test.Passed()) + "&elapsed_time=" +
            StreamableToString(unit_test.elapsed_time()) + "ms");
   }
 
-  void OnTestCaseStart(const TestCase& test_case) {
+  // Note that "event=TestCaseStart" is a wire format and has to remain
+  // "case" for compatibilty
+  void OnTestCaseStart(const TestCase& test_case) override {
     SendLn(std::string("event=TestCaseStart&name=") + test_case.name());
   }
 
-  void OnTestCaseEnd(const TestCase& test_case) {
-    SendLn("event=TestCaseEnd&passed=" + FormatBool(test_case.Passed())
-           + "&elapsed_time=" + StreamableToString(test_case.elapsed_time())
-           + "ms");
+  // Note that "event=TestCaseEnd" is a wire format and has to remain
+  // "case" for compatibilty
+  void OnTestCaseEnd(const TestCase& test_case) override {
+    SendLn("event=TestCaseEnd&passed=" + FormatBool(test_case.Passed()) +
+           "&elapsed_time=" + StreamableToString(test_case.elapsed_time()) +
+           "ms");
   }
 
-  void OnTestStart(const TestInfo& test_info) {
+  void OnTestStart(const TestInfo& test_info) override {
     SendLn(std::string("event=TestStart&name=") + test_info.name());
   }
 
-  void OnTestEnd(const TestInfo& test_info) {
+  void OnTestEnd(const TestInfo& test_info) override {
     SendLn("event=TestEnd&passed=" +
            FormatBool((test_info.result())->Passed()) +
            "&elapsed_time=" +
            StreamableToString((test_info.result())->elapsed_time()) + "ms");
   }
 
-  void OnTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& test_part_result) {
+  void OnTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& test_part_result) override {
     const char* file_name = test_part_result.file_name();
-    if (file_name == NULL)
-      file_name = "";
+    if (file_name == nullptr) file_name = "";
     SendLn("event=TestPartResult&file=" + UrlEncode(file_name) +
            "&line=" + StreamableToString(test_part_result.line_number()) +
            "&message=" + UrlEncode(test_part_result.message()));
@@ -1569,15 +1575,15 @@
 
  private:
   // Sends the given message and a newline to the socket.
-  void SendLn(const string& message) { socket_writer_->SendLn(message); }
+  void SendLn(const std::string& message) { socket_writer_->SendLn(message); }
 
   // Called at the start of streaming to notify the receiver what
   // protocol we are using.
   void Start() { SendLn("gtest_streaming_protocol_version=1.0"); }
 
-  string FormatBool(bool value) { return value ? "1" : "0"; }
+  std::string FormatBool(bool value) { return value ? "1" : "0"; }
 
-  const scoped_ptr<AbstractSocketWriter> socket_writer_;
+  const std::unique_ptr<AbstractSocketWriter> socket_writer_;
 
   GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(StreamingListener);
 };  // class StreamingListener
@@ -1587,13 +1593,27 @@
 }  // namespace internal
 }  // namespace testing
 
+GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_POP_()  //  4251
+
 #endif  // GTEST_SRC_GTEST_INTERNAL_INL_H_
-#undef GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_
 
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 # define vsnprintf _vsnprintf
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
+#if GTEST_OS_MAC
+#ifndef GTEST_OS_IOS
+#include <crt_externs.h>
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_ABSL
+#include "absl/debugging/failure_signal_handler.h"
+#include "absl/debugging/stacktrace.h"
+#include "absl/debugging/symbolize.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_ABSL
+
 namespace testing {
 
 using internal::CountIf;
@@ -1603,20 +1623,22 @@
 
 // Constants.
 
-// A test whose test case name or test name matches this filter is
+// A test whose test suite name or test name matches this filter is
 // disabled and not run.
 static const char kDisableTestFilter[] = "DISABLED_*:*/DISABLED_*";
 
-// A test case whose name matches this filter is considered a death
-// test case and will be run before test cases whose name doesn't
+// A test suite whose name matches this filter is considered a death
+// test suite and will be run before test suites whose name doesn't
 // match this filter.
-static const char kDeathTestCaseFilter[] = "*DeathTest:*DeathTest/*";
+static const char kDeathTestSuiteFilter[] = "*DeathTest:*DeathTest/*";
 
 // A test filter that matches everything.
 static const char kUniversalFilter[] = "*";
 
-// The default output file for XML output.
-static const char kDefaultOutputFile[] = "test_detail.xml";
+// The default output format.
+static const char kDefaultOutputFormat[] = "xml";
+// The default output file.
+static const char kDefaultOutputFile[] = "test_detail";
 
 // The environment variable name for the test shard index.
 static const char kTestShardIndex[] = "GTEST_SHARD_INDEX";
@@ -1635,15 +1657,31 @@
 // specified on the command line.
 bool g_help_flag = false;
 
+// Utilty function to Open File for Writing
+static FILE* OpenFileForWriting(const std::string& output_file) {
+  FILE* fileout = nullptr;
+  FilePath output_file_path(output_file);
+  FilePath output_dir(output_file_path.RemoveFileName());
+
+  if (output_dir.CreateDirectoriesRecursively()) {
+    fileout = posix::FOpen(output_file.c_str(), "w");
+  }
+  if (fileout == nullptr) {
+    GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "Unable to open file \"" << output_file << "\"";
+  }
+  return fileout;
+}
+
 }  // namespace internal
 
+// Bazel passes in the argument to '--test_filter' via the TESTBRIDGE_TEST_ONLY
+// environment variable.
 static const char* GetDefaultFilter() {
-#ifdef GTEST_TEST_FILTER_ENV_VAR_
-  const char* const testbridge_test_only = getenv(GTEST_TEST_FILTER_ENV_VAR_);
-  if (testbridge_test_only != NULL) {
+  const char* const testbridge_test_only =
+      internal::posix::GetEnv("TESTBRIDGE_TEST_ONLY");
+  if (testbridge_test_only != nullptr) {
     return testbridge_test_only;
   }
-#endif  // GTEST_TEST_FILTER_ENV_VAR_
   return kUniversalFilter;
 }
 
@@ -1680,15 +1718,28 @@
     "exclude).  A test is run if it matches one of the positive "
     "patterns and does not match any of the negative patterns.");
 
+GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(
+    install_failure_signal_handler,
+    internal::BoolFromGTestEnv("install_failure_signal_handler", false),
+    "If true and supported on the current platform, " GTEST_NAME_ " should "
+    "install a signal handler that dumps debugging information when fatal "
+    "signals are raised.");
+
 GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(list_tests, false,
                    "List all tests without running them.");
 
+// The net priority order after flag processing is thus:
+//   --gtest_output command line flag
+//   GTEST_OUTPUT environment variable
+//   XML_OUTPUT_FILE environment variable
+//   ''
 GTEST_DEFINE_string_(
     output,
-    internal::StringFromGTestEnv("output", ""),
-    "A format (currently must be \"xml\"), optionally followed "
-    "by a colon and an output file name or directory. A directory "
-    "is indicated by a trailing pathname separator. "
+    internal::StringFromGTestEnv("output",
+      internal::OutputFlagAlsoCheckEnvVar().c_str()),
+    "A format (defaults to \"xml\" but can be specified to be \"json\"), "
+    "optionally followed by a colon and an output file name or directory. "
+    "A directory is indicated by a trailing pathname separator. "
     "Examples: \"xml:filename.xml\", \"xml::directoryname/\". "
     "If a directory is specified, output files will be created "
     "within that directory, with file-names based on the test "
@@ -1701,6 +1752,12 @@
     "True iff " GTEST_NAME_
     " should display elapsed time in text output.");
 
+GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(
+    print_utf8,
+    internal::BoolFromGTestEnv("print_utf8", true),
+    "True iff " GTEST_NAME_
+    " prints UTF8 characters as text.");
+
 GTEST_DEFINE_int32_(
     random_seed,
     internal::Int32FromGTestEnv("random_seed", 0),
@@ -1742,7 +1799,7 @@
     internal::BoolFromGTestEnv("throw_on_failure", false),
     "When this flag is specified, a failed assertion will throw an exception "
     "if exceptions are enabled or exit the program with a non-zero code "
-    "otherwise.");
+    "otherwise. For use with an external test framework.");
 
 #if GTEST_USE_OWN_FLAGFILE_FLAG_
 GTEST_DEFINE_string_(
@@ -1758,7 +1815,8 @@
 // than kMaxRange.
 UInt32 Random::Generate(UInt32 range) {
   // These constants are the same as are used in glibc's rand(3).
-  state_ = (1103515245U*state_ + 12345U) % kMaxRange;
+  // Use wider types than necessary to prevent unsigned overflow diagnostics.
+  state_ = static_cast<UInt32>(1103515245ULL*state_ + 12345U) % kMaxRange;
 
   GTEST_CHECK_(range > 0)
       << "Cannot generate a number in the range [0, 0).";
@@ -1777,11 +1835,11 @@
 // Google Test before calling RUN_ALL_TESTS().
 static bool GTestIsInitialized() { return GetArgvs().size() > 0; }
 
-// Iterates over a vector of TestCases, keeping a running sum of the
+// Iterates over a vector of TestSuites, keeping a running sum of the
 // results of calling a given int-returning method on each.
 // Returns the sum.
-static int SumOverTestCaseList(const std::vector<TestCase*>& case_list,
-                               int (TestCase::*method)() const) {
+static int SumOverTestSuiteList(const std::vector<TestSuite*>& case_list,
+                                int (TestSuite::*method)() const) {
   int sum = 0;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < case_list.size(); i++) {
     sum += (case_list[i]->*method)();
@@ -1789,20 +1847,20 @@
   return sum;
 }
 
-// Returns true iff the test case passed.
-static bool TestCasePassed(const TestCase* test_case) {
-  return test_case->should_run() && test_case->Passed();
+// Returns true iff the test suite passed.
+static bool TestSuitePassed(const TestSuite* test_suite) {
+  return test_suite->should_run() && test_suite->Passed();
 }
 
-// Returns true iff the test case failed.
-static bool TestCaseFailed(const TestCase* test_case) {
-  return test_case->should_run() && test_case->Failed();
+// Returns true iff the test suite failed.
+static bool TestSuiteFailed(const TestSuite* test_suite) {
+  return test_suite->should_run() && test_suite->Failed();
 }
 
-// Returns true iff test_case contains at least one test that should
+// Returns true iff test_suite contains at least one test that should
 // run.
-static bool ShouldRunTestCase(const TestCase* test_case) {
-  return test_case->should_run();
+static bool ShouldRunTestSuite(const TestSuite* test_suite) {
+  return test_suite->should_run();
 }
 
 // AssertHelper constructor.
@@ -1828,16 +1886,16 @@
                       );  // NOLINT
 }
 
-// Mutex for linked pointers.
-GTEST_API_ GTEST_DEFINE_STATIC_MUTEX_(g_linked_ptr_mutex);
-
 // A copy of all command line arguments.  Set by InitGoogleTest().
-::std::vector<testing::internal::string> g_argvs;
+static ::std::vector<std::string> g_argvs;
 
-const ::std::vector<testing::internal::string>& GetArgvs() {
+::std::vector<std::string> GetArgvs() {
 #if defined(GTEST_CUSTOM_GET_ARGVS_)
-  return GTEST_CUSTOM_GET_ARGVS_();
-#else  // defined(GTEST_CUSTOM_GET_ARGVS_)
+  // GTEST_CUSTOM_GET_ARGVS_() may return a container of std::string or
+  // ::string. This code converts it to the appropriate type.
+  const auto& custom = GTEST_CUSTOM_GET_ARGVS_();
+  return ::std::vector<std::string>(custom.begin(), custom.end());
+#else   // defined(GTEST_CUSTOM_GET_ARGVS_)
   return g_argvs;
 #endif  // defined(GTEST_CUSTOM_GET_ARGVS_)
 }
@@ -1847,7 +1905,7 @@
 FilePath GetCurrentExecutableName() {
   FilePath result;
 
-#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS || GTEST_OS_OS2
   result.Set(FilePath(GetArgvs()[0]).RemoveExtension("exe"));
 #else
   result.Set(FilePath(GetArgvs()[0]));
@@ -1861,34 +1919,31 @@
 // Returns the output format, or "" for normal printed output.
 std::string UnitTestOptions::GetOutputFormat() {
   const char* const gtest_output_flag = GTEST_FLAG(output).c_str();
-  if (gtest_output_flag == NULL) return std::string("");
-
   const char* const colon = strchr(gtest_output_flag, ':');
-  return (colon == NULL) ?
-      std::string(gtest_output_flag) :
-      std::string(gtest_output_flag, colon - gtest_output_flag);
+  return (colon == nullptr)
+             ? std::string(gtest_output_flag)
+             : std::string(gtest_output_flag, colon - gtest_output_flag);
 }
 
 // Returns the name of the requested output file, or the default if none
 // was explicitly specified.
 std::string UnitTestOptions::GetAbsolutePathToOutputFile() {
   const char* const gtest_output_flag = GTEST_FLAG(output).c_str();
-  if (gtest_output_flag == NULL)
-    return "";
+
+  std::string format = GetOutputFormat();
+  if (format.empty())
+    format = std::string(kDefaultOutputFormat);
 
   const char* const colon = strchr(gtest_output_flag, ':');
-  if (colon == NULL)
-    return internal::FilePath::ConcatPaths(
+  if (colon == nullptr)
+    return internal::FilePath::MakeFileName(
         internal::FilePath(
             UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir()),
-        internal::FilePath(kDefaultOutputFile)).string();
+        internal::FilePath(kDefaultOutputFile), 0,
+        format.c_str()).string();
 
   internal::FilePath output_name(colon + 1);
   if (!output_name.IsAbsolutePath())
-    // TODO(wan@google.com): on Windows \some\path is not an absolute
-    // path (as its meaning depends on the current drive), yet the
-    // following logic for turning it into an absolute path is wrong.
-    // Fix it.
     output_name = internal::FilePath::ConcatPaths(
         internal::FilePath(UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir()),
         internal::FilePath(colon + 1));
@@ -1936,7 +1991,7 @@
     cur_pattern = strchr(cur_pattern, ':');
 
     // Returns if no more pattern can be found.
-    if (cur_pattern == NULL) {
+    if (cur_pattern == nullptr) {
       return false;
     }
 
@@ -1945,11 +2000,11 @@
   }
 }
 
-// Returns true iff the user-specified filter matches the test case
+// Returns true iff the user-specified filter matches the test suite
 // name and the test name.
-bool UnitTestOptions::FilterMatchesTest(const std::string &test_case_name,
-                                        const std::string &test_name) {
-  const std::string& full_name = test_case_name + "." + test_name.c_str();
+bool UnitTestOptions::FilterMatchesTest(const std::string& test_suite_name,
+                                        const std::string& test_name) {
+  const std::string& full_name = test_suite_name + "." + test_name.c_str();
 
   // Split --gtest_filter at '-', if there is one, to separate into
   // positive filter and negative filter portions
@@ -1957,7 +2012,7 @@
   const char* const dash = strchr(p, '-');
   std::string positive;
   std::string negative;
-  if (dash == NULL) {
+  if (dash == nullptr) {
     positive = GTEST_FLAG(filter).c_str();  // Whole string is a positive filter
     negative = "";
   } else {
@@ -2076,12 +2131,12 @@
 // This predicate-formatter checks that 'results' contains a test part
 // failure of the given type and that the failure message contains the
 // given substring.
-AssertionResult HasOneFailure(const char* /* results_expr */,
-                              const char* /* type_expr */,
-                              const char* /* substr_expr */,
-                              const TestPartResultArray& results,
-                              TestPartResult::Type type,
-                              const string& substr) {
+static AssertionResult HasOneFailure(const char* /* results_expr */,
+                                     const char* /* type_expr */,
+                                     const char* /* substr_expr */,
+                                     const TestPartResultArray& results,
+                                     TestPartResult::Type type,
+                                     const std::string& substr) {
   const std::string expected(type == TestPartResult::kFatalFailure ?
                         "1 fatal failure" :
                         "1 non-fatal failure");
@@ -2102,7 +2157,7 @@
                               << r;
   }
 
-  if (strstr(r.message(), substr.c_str()) == NULL) {
+  if (strstr(r.message(), substr.c_str()) == nullptr) {
     return AssertionFailure() << "Expected: " << expected << " containing \""
                               << substr << "\"\n"
                               << "  Actual:\n"
@@ -2115,13 +2170,10 @@
 // The constructor of SingleFailureChecker remembers where to look up
 // test part results, what type of failure we expect, and what
 // substring the failure message should contain.
-SingleFailureChecker:: SingleFailureChecker(
-    const TestPartResultArray* results,
-    TestPartResult::Type type,
-    const string& substr)
-    : results_(results),
-      type_(type),
-      substr_(substr) {}
+SingleFailureChecker::SingleFailureChecker(const TestPartResultArray* results,
+                                           TestPartResult::Type type,
+                                           const std::string& substr)
+    : results_(results), type_(type), substr_(substr) {}
 
 // The destructor of SingleFailureChecker verifies that the given
 // TestPartResultArray contains exactly one failure that has the given
@@ -2174,61 +2226,66 @@
   per_thread_test_part_result_reporter_.set(reporter);
 }
 
-// Gets the number of successful test cases.
-int UnitTestImpl::successful_test_case_count() const {
-  return CountIf(test_cases_, TestCasePassed);
+// Gets the number of successful test suites.
+int UnitTestImpl::successful_test_suite_count() const {
+  return CountIf(test_suites_, TestSuitePassed);
 }
 
-// Gets the number of failed test cases.
-int UnitTestImpl::failed_test_case_count() const {
-  return CountIf(test_cases_, TestCaseFailed);
+// Gets the number of failed test suites.
+int UnitTestImpl::failed_test_suite_count() const {
+  return CountIf(test_suites_, TestSuiteFailed);
 }
 
-// Gets the number of all test cases.
-int UnitTestImpl::total_test_case_count() const {
-  return static_cast<int>(test_cases_.size());
+// Gets the number of all test suites.
+int UnitTestImpl::total_test_suite_count() const {
+  return static_cast<int>(test_suites_.size());
 }
 
-// Gets the number of all test cases that contain at least one test
+// Gets the number of all test suites that contain at least one test
 // that should run.
-int UnitTestImpl::test_case_to_run_count() const {
-  return CountIf(test_cases_, ShouldRunTestCase);
+int UnitTestImpl::test_suite_to_run_count() const {
+  return CountIf(test_suites_, ShouldRunTestSuite);
 }
 
 // Gets the number of successful tests.
 int UnitTestImpl::successful_test_count() const {
-  return SumOverTestCaseList(test_cases_, &TestCase::successful_test_count);
+  return SumOverTestSuiteList(test_suites_, &TestSuite::successful_test_count);
+}
+
+// Gets the number of skipped tests.
+int UnitTestImpl::skipped_test_count() const {
+  return SumOverTestSuiteList(test_suites_, &TestSuite::skipped_test_count);
 }
 
 // Gets the number of failed tests.
 int UnitTestImpl::failed_test_count() const {
-  return SumOverTestCaseList(test_cases_, &TestCase::failed_test_count);
+  return SumOverTestSuiteList(test_suites_, &TestSuite::failed_test_count);
 }
 
 // Gets the number of disabled tests that will be reported in the XML report.
 int UnitTestImpl::reportable_disabled_test_count() const {
-  return SumOverTestCaseList(test_cases_,
-                             &TestCase::reportable_disabled_test_count);
+  return SumOverTestSuiteList(test_suites_,
+                              &TestSuite::reportable_disabled_test_count);
 }
 
 // Gets the number of disabled tests.
 int UnitTestImpl::disabled_test_count() const {
-  return SumOverTestCaseList(test_cases_, &TestCase::disabled_test_count);
+  return SumOverTestSuiteList(test_suites_, &TestSuite::disabled_test_count);
 }
 
 // Gets the number of tests to be printed in the XML report.
 int UnitTestImpl::reportable_test_count() const {
-  return SumOverTestCaseList(test_cases_, &TestCase::reportable_test_count);
+  return SumOverTestSuiteList(test_suites_, &TestSuite::reportable_test_count);
 }
 
 // Gets the number of all tests.
 int UnitTestImpl::total_test_count() const {
-  return SumOverTestCaseList(test_cases_, &TestCase::total_test_count);
+  return SumOverTestSuiteList(test_suites_, &TestSuite::total_test_count);
 }
 
 // Gets the number of tests that should run.
 int UnitTestImpl::test_to_run_count() const {
-  return SumOverTestCaseList(test_cases_, &TestCase::test_to_run_count);
+  return SumOverTestSuiteList(test_suites_, &TestSuite::test_to_run_count);
 }
 
 // Returns the current OS stack trace as an std::string.
@@ -2262,8 +2319,6 @@
   SYSTEMTIME now_systime;
   FILETIME now_filetime;
   ULARGE_INTEGER now_int64;
-  // TODO(kenton@google.com): Shouldn't this just use
-  //   GetSystemTimeAsFileTime()?
   GetSystemTime(&now_systime);
   if (SystemTimeToFileTime(&now_systime, &now_filetime)) {
     now_int64.LowPart = now_filetime.dwLowDateTime;
@@ -2278,16 +2333,14 @@
 
   // MSVC 8 deprecates _ftime64(), so we want to suppress warning 4996
   // (deprecated function) there.
-  // TODO(kenton@google.com): Use GetTickCount()?  Or use
-  //   SystemTimeToFileTime()
-  GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_PUSH_(4996)
+  GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_DEPRECATED_PUSH_()
   _ftime64(&now);
-  GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_POP_()
+  GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_DEPRECATED_POP_()
 
   return static_cast<TimeInMillis>(now.time) * 1000 + now.millitm;
 #elif GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_
   struct timeval now;
-  gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
+  gettimeofday(&now, nullptr);
   return static_cast<TimeInMillis>(now.tv_sec) * 1000 + now.tv_usec / 1000;
 #else
 # error "Don't know how to get the current time on your system."
@@ -2304,11 +2357,10 @@
 // value using delete[]. Returns the wide string, or NULL if the
 // input is NULL.
 LPCWSTR String::AnsiToUtf16(const char* ansi) {
-  if (!ansi) return NULL;
+  if (!ansi) return nullptr;
   const int length = strlen(ansi);
   const int unicode_length =
-      MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, ansi, length,
-                          NULL, 0);
+      MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, ansi, length, nullptr, 0);
   WCHAR* unicode = new WCHAR[unicode_length + 1];
   MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, ansi, length,
                       unicode, unicode_length);
@@ -2321,13 +2373,12 @@
 // value using delete[]. Returns the ANSI string, or NULL if the
 // input is NULL.
 const char* String::Utf16ToAnsi(LPCWSTR utf16_str)  {
-  if (!utf16_str) return NULL;
-  const int ansi_length =
-      WideCharToMultiByte(CP_ACP, 0, utf16_str, -1,
-                          NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
+  if (!utf16_str) return nullptr;
+  const int ansi_length = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_ACP, 0, utf16_str, -1, nullptr,
+                                              0, nullptr, nullptr);
   char* ansi = new char[ansi_length + 1];
-  WideCharToMultiByte(CP_ACP, 0, utf16_str, -1,
-                      ansi, ansi_length, NULL, NULL);
+  WideCharToMultiByte(CP_ACP, 0, utf16_str, -1, ansi, ansi_length, nullptr,
+                      nullptr);
   ansi[ansi_length] = 0;
   return ansi;
 }
@@ -2340,9 +2391,9 @@
 // C string is considered different to any non-NULL C string,
 // including the empty string.
 bool String::CStringEquals(const char * lhs, const char * rhs) {
-  if ( lhs == NULL ) return rhs == NULL;
+  if (lhs == nullptr) return rhs == nullptr;
 
-  if ( rhs == NULL ) return false;
+  if (rhs == nullptr) return false;
 
   return strcmp(lhs, rhs) == 0;
 }
@@ -2434,10 +2485,9 @@
 // Used in EXPECT_TRUE/FALSE(assertion_result).
 AssertionResult::AssertionResult(const AssertionResult& other)
     : success_(other.success_),
-      message_(other.message_.get() != NULL ?
-               new ::std::string(*other.message_) :
-               static_cast< ::std::string*>(NULL)) {
-}
+      message_(other.message_.get() != nullptr
+                   ? new ::std::string(*other.message_)
+                   : static_cast< ::std::string*>(nullptr)) {}
 
 // Swaps two AssertionResults.
 void AssertionResult::swap(AssertionResult& other) {
@@ -2449,8 +2499,7 @@
 // Returns the assertion's negation. Used with EXPECT/ASSERT_FALSE.
 AssertionResult AssertionResult::operator!() const {
   AssertionResult negation(!success_);
-  if (message_.get() != NULL)
-    negation << *message_;
+  if (message_.get() != nullptr) negation << *message_;
   return negation;
 }
 
@@ -2619,7 +2668,7 @@
   // Print a unified diff header for one hunk.
   // The format is
   //   "@@ -<left_start>,<left_length> +<right_start>,<right_length> @@"
-  // where the left/right parts are ommitted if unnecessary.
+  // where the left/right parts are omitted if unnecessary.
   void PrintHeader(std::ostream* ss) const {
     *ss << "@@ ";
     if (removes_) {
@@ -2763,13 +2812,14 @@
                           const std::string& rhs_value,
                           bool ignoring_case) {
   Message msg;
-  msg << "      Expected: " << lhs_expression;
+  msg << "Expected equality of these values:";
+  msg << "\n  " << lhs_expression;
   if (lhs_value != lhs_expression) {
-    msg << "\n      Which is: " << lhs_value;
+    msg << "\n    Which is: " << lhs_value;
   }
-  msg << "\nTo be equal to: " << rhs_expression;
+  msg << "\n  " << rhs_expression;
   if (rhs_value != rhs_expression) {
-    msg << "\n      Which is: " << rhs_value;
+    msg << "\n    Which is: " << rhs_value;
   }
 
   if (ignoring_case) {
@@ -2816,8 +2866,6 @@
   const double diff = fabs(val1 - val2);
   if (diff <= abs_error) return AssertionSuccess();
 
-  // TODO(wan): do not print the value of an expression if it's
-  // already a literal.
   return AssertionFailure()
       << "The difference between " << expr1 << " and " << expr2
       << " is " << diff << ", which exceeds " << abs_error_expr << ", where\n"
@@ -3003,17 +3051,15 @@
 // only.
 
 bool IsSubstringPred(const char* needle, const char* haystack) {
-  if (needle == NULL || haystack == NULL)
-    return needle == haystack;
+  if (needle == nullptr || haystack == nullptr) return needle == haystack;
 
-  return strstr(haystack, needle) != NULL;
+  return strstr(haystack, needle) != nullptr;
 }
 
 bool IsSubstringPred(const wchar_t* needle, const wchar_t* haystack) {
-  if (needle == NULL || haystack == NULL)
-    return needle == haystack;
+  if (needle == nullptr || haystack == nullptr) return needle == haystack;
 
-  return wcsstr(haystack, needle) != NULL;
+  return wcsstr(haystack, needle) != nullptr;
 }
 
 // StringType here can be either ::std::string or ::std::wstring.
@@ -3111,7 +3157,7 @@
 AssertionResult HRESULTFailureHelper(const char* expr,
                                      const char* expected,
                                      long hr) {  // NOLINT
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
+# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE || GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_TV_TITLE
 
   // Windows CE doesn't support FormatMessage.
   const char error_text[] = "";
@@ -3127,12 +3173,12 @@
   // Gets the system's human readable message string for this HRESULT.
   char error_text[kBufSize] = { '\0' };
   DWORD message_length = ::FormatMessageA(kFlags,
-                                          0,  // no source, we're asking system
+                                          0,   // no source, we're asking system
                                           hr,  // the error
-                                          0,  // no line width restrictions
+                                          0,   // no line width restrictions
                                           error_text,  // output buffer
-                                          kBufSize,  // buf size
-                                          NULL);  // no arguments for inserts
+                                          kBufSize,    // buf size
+                                          nullptr);  // no arguments for inserts
   // Trims tailing white space (FormatMessage leaves a trailing CR-LF)
   for (; message_length && IsSpace(error_text[message_length - 1]);
           --message_length) {
@@ -3168,7 +3214,7 @@
 // Utility functions for encoding Unicode text (wide strings) in
 // UTF-8.
 
-// A Unicode code-point can have upto 21 bits, and is encoded in UTF-8
+// A Unicode code-point can have up to 21 bits, and is encoded in UTF-8
 // like this:
 //
 // Code-point length   Encoding
@@ -3232,9 +3278,9 @@
   return str;
 }
 
-// The following two functions only make sense if the the system
+// The following two functions only make sense if the system
 // uses UTF-16 for wide string encoding. All supported systems
-// with 16 bit wchar_t (Windows, Cygwin, Symbian OS) do use UTF-16.
+// with 16 bit wchar_t (Windows, Cygwin) do use UTF-16.
 
 // Determines if the arguments constitute UTF-16 surrogate pair
 // and thus should be combined into a single Unicode code point
@@ -3257,7 +3303,7 @@
 
 // Converts a wide string to a narrow string in UTF-8 encoding.
 // The wide string is assumed to have the following encoding:
-//   UTF-16 if sizeof(wchar_t) == 2 (on Windows, Cygwin, Symbian OS)
+//   UTF-16 if sizeof(wchar_t) == 2 (on Windows, Cygwin)
 //   UTF-32 if sizeof(wchar_t) == 4 (on Linux)
 // Parameter str points to a null-terminated wide string.
 // Parameter num_chars may additionally limit the number
@@ -3294,7 +3340,7 @@
 // Converts a wide C string to an std::string using the UTF-8 encoding.
 // NULL will be converted to "(null)".
 std::string String::ShowWideCString(const wchar_t * wide_c_str) {
-  if (wide_c_str == NULL)  return "(null)";
+  if (wide_c_str == nullptr) return "(null)";
 
   return internal::WideStringToUtf8(wide_c_str, -1);
 }
@@ -3306,9 +3352,9 @@
 // C string is considered different to any non-NULL C string,
 // including the empty string.
 bool String::WideCStringEquals(const wchar_t * lhs, const wchar_t * rhs) {
-  if (lhs == NULL) return rhs == NULL;
+  if (lhs == nullptr) return rhs == nullptr;
 
-  if (rhs == NULL) return false;
+  if (rhs == nullptr) return false;
 
   return wcscmp(lhs, rhs) == 0;
 }
@@ -3351,10 +3397,8 @@
 // NULL C string is considered different to any non-NULL C string,
 // including the empty string.
 bool String::CaseInsensitiveCStringEquals(const char * lhs, const char * rhs) {
-  if (lhs == NULL)
-    return rhs == NULL;
-  if (rhs == NULL)
-    return false;
+  if (lhs == nullptr) return rhs == nullptr;
+  if (rhs == nullptr) return false;
   return posix::StrCaseCmp(lhs, rhs) == 0;
 }
 
@@ -3372,9 +3416,9 @@
   // current locale.
 bool String::CaseInsensitiveWideCStringEquals(const wchar_t* lhs,
                                               const wchar_t* rhs) {
-  if (lhs == NULL) return rhs == NULL;
+  if (lhs == nullptr) return rhs == nullptr;
 
-  if (rhs == NULL) return false;
+  if (rhs == nullptr) return false;
 
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
   return _wcsicmp(lhs, rhs) == 0;
@@ -3544,13 +3588,8 @@
 
 // The list of reserved attributes used in the <testcase> element of XML output.
 static const char* const kReservedTestCaseAttributes[] = {
-  "classname",
-  "name",
-  "status",
-  "time",
-  "type_param",
-  "value_param"
-};
+    "classname",  "name",        "status", "time",
+    "type_param", "value_param", "file",   "line"};
 
 template <int kSize>
 std::vector<std::string> ArrayAsVector(const char* const (&array)[kSize]) {
@@ -3586,8 +3625,9 @@
   return word_list.GetString();
 }
 
-bool ValidateTestPropertyName(const std::string& property_name,
-                              const std::vector<std::string>& reserved_names) {
+static bool ValidateTestPropertyName(
+    const std::string& property_name,
+    const std::vector<std::string>& reserved_names) {
   if (std::find(reserved_names.begin(), reserved_names.end(), property_name) !=
           reserved_names.end()) {
     ADD_FAILURE() << "Reserved key used in RecordProperty(): " << property_name
@@ -3614,6 +3654,16 @@
   elapsed_time_ = 0;
 }
 
+// Returns true off the test part was skipped.
+static bool TestPartSkipped(const TestPartResult& result) {
+  return result.skipped();
+}
+
+// Returns true iff the test was skipped.
+bool TestResult::Skipped() const {
+  return !Failed() && CountIf(test_part_results_, TestPartSkipped) > 0;
+}
+
 // Returns true iff the test failed.
 bool TestResult::Failed() const {
   for (int i = 0; i < total_part_count(); ++i) {
@@ -3701,25 +3751,25 @@
   // AddTestPartResult.
   UnitTest::GetInstance()->AddTestPartResult(
       result_type,
-      NULL,  // No info about the source file where the exception occurred.
-      -1,    // We have no info on which line caused the exception.
+      nullptr,  // No info about the source file where the exception occurred.
+      -1,       // We have no info on which line caused the exception.
       message,
-      "");   // No stack trace, either.
+      "");  // No stack trace, either.
 }
 
 }  // namespace internal
 
-// Google Test requires all tests in the same test case to use the same test
+// Google Test requires all tests in the same test suite to use the same test
 // fixture class.  This function checks if the current test has the
-// same fixture class as the first test in the current test case.  If
+// same fixture class as the first test in the current test suite.  If
 // yes, it returns true; otherwise it generates a Google Test failure and
 // returns false.
 bool Test::HasSameFixtureClass() {
   internal::UnitTestImpl* const impl = internal::GetUnitTestImpl();
-  const TestCase* const test_case = impl->current_test_case();
+  const TestSuite* const test_suite = impl->current_test_suite();
 
-  // Info about the first test in the current test case.
-  const TestInfo* const first_test_info = test_case->test_info_list()[0];
+  // Info about the first test in the current test suite.
+  const TestInfo* const first_test_info = test_suite->test_info_list()[0];
   const internal::TypeId first_fixture_id = first_test_info->fixture_class_id_;
   const char* const first_test_name = first_test_info->name();
 
@@ -3735,7 +3785,7 @@
     const bool this_is_TEST = this_fixture_id == internal::GetTestTypeId();
 
     if (first_is_TEST || this_is_TEST) {
-      // Both TEST and TEST_F appear in same test case, which is incorrect.
+      // Both TEST and TEST_F appear in same test suite, which is incorrect.
       // Tell the user how to fix this.
 
       // Gets the name of the TEST and the name of the TEST_F.  Note
@@ -3747,9 +3797,9 @@
           first_is_TEST ? this_test_name : first_test_name;
 
       ADD_FAILURE()
-          << "All tests in the same test case must use the same test fixture\n"
-          << "class, so mixing TEST_F and TEST in the same test case is\n"
-          << "illegal.  In test case " << this_test_info->test_case_name()
+          << "All tests in the same test suite must use the same test fixture\n"
+          << "class, so mixing TEST_F and TEST in the same test suite is\n"
+          << "illegal.  In test suite " << this_test_info->test_suite_name()
           << ",\n"
           << "test " << TEST_F_name << " is defined using TEST_F but\n"
           << "test " << TEST_name << " is defined using TEST.  You probably\n"
@@ -3759,15 +3809,15 @@
       // Two fixture classes with the same name appear in two different
       // namespaces, which is not allowed. Tell the user how to fix this.
       ADD_FAILURE()
-          << "All tests in the same test case must use the same test fixture\n"
-          << "class.  However, in test case "
-          << this_test_info->test_case_name() << ",\n"
-          << "you defined test " << first_test_name
-          << " and test " << this_test_name << "\n"
+          << "All tests in the same test suite must use the same test fixture\n"
+          << "class.  However, in test suite "
+          << this_test_info->test_suite_name() << ",\n"
+          << "you defined test " << first_test_name << " and test "
+          << this_test_name << "\n"
           << "using two different test fixture classes.  This can happen if\n"
           << "the two classes are from different namespaces or translation\n"
           << "units and have the same name.  You should probably rename one\n"
-          << "of the classes to put the tests into different test cases.";
+          << "of the classes to put the tests into different test suites.";
     }
     return false;
   }
@@ -3800,7 +3850,7 @@
 static std::string FormatCxxExceptionMessage(const char* description,
                                              const char* location) {
   Message message;
-  if (description != NULL) {
+  if (description != nullptr) {
     message << "C++ exception with description \"" << description << "\"";
   } else {
     message << "Unknown C++ exception";
@@ -3884,6 +3934,8 @@
 #if GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
     try {
       return HandleSehExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(object, method, location);
+    } catch (const AssertionException&) {  // NOLINT
+      // This failure was reported already.
     } catch (const internal::GoogleTestFailureException&) {  // NOLINT
       // This exception type can only be thrown by a failed Google
       // Test assertion with the intention of letting another testing
@@ -3896,7 +3948,7 @@
     } catch (...) {  // NOLINT
       internal::ReportFailureInUnknownLocation(
           TestPartResult::kFatalFailure,
-          FormatCxxExceptionMessage(NULL, location));
+          FormatCxxExceptionMessage(nullptr, location));
     }
     return static_cast<Result>(0);
 #else
@@ -3916,8 +3968,9 @@
   internal::UnitTestImpl* const impl = internal::GetUnitTestImpl();
   impl->os_stack_trace_getter()->UponLeavingGTest();
   internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(this, &Test::SetUp, "SetUp()");
-  // We will run the test only if SetUp() was successful.
-  if (!HasFatalFailure()) {
+  // We will run the test only if SetUp() was successful and didn't call
+  // GTEST_SKIP().
+  if (!HasFatalFailure() && !IsSkipped()) {
     impl->os_stack_trace_getter()->UponLeavingGTest();
     internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(
         this, &Test::TestBody, "the test body");
@@ -3942,21 +3995,25 @@
       HasNonfatalFailure();
 }
 
+// Returns true iff the current test was skipped.
+bool Test::IsSkipped() {
+  return internal::GetUnitTestImpl()->current_test_result()->Skipped();
+}
+
 // class TestInfo
 
 // Constructs a TestInfo object. It assumes ownership of the test factory
 // object.
-TestInfo::TestInfo(const std::string& a_test_case_name,
-                   const std::string& a_name,
-                   const char* a_type_param,
+TestInfo::TestInfo(const std::string& a_test_suite_name,
+                   const std::string& a_name, const char* a_type_param,
                    const char* a_value_param,
                    internal::CodeLocation a_code_location,
                    internal::TypeId fixture_class_id,
                    internal::TestFactoryBase* factory)
-    : test_case_name_(a_test_case_name),
+    : test_suite_name_(a_test_suite_name),
       name_(a_name),
-      type_param_(a_type_param ? new std::string(a_type_param) : NULL),
-      value_param_(a_value_param ? new std::string(a_value_param) : NULL),
+      type_param_(a_type_param ? new std::string(a_type_param) : nullptr),
+      value_param_(a_value_param ? new std::string(a_value_param) : nullptr),
       location_(a_code_location),
       fixture_class_id_(fixture_class_id),
       should_run_(false),
@@ -3975,7 +4032,7 @@
 //
 // Arguments:
 //
-//   test_case_name:   name of the test case
+//   test_suite_name:   name of the test suite
 //   name:             name of the test
 //   type_param:       the name of the test's type parameter, or NULL if
 //                     this is not a typed or a type-parameterized test.
@@ -3983,49 +4040,40 @@
 //                     or NULL if this is not a value-parameterized test.
 //   code_location:    code location where the test is defined
 //   fixture_class_id: ID of the test fixture class
-//   set_up_tc:        pointer to the function that sets up the test case
-//   tear_down_tc:     pointer to the function that tears down the test case
+//   set_up_tc:        pointer to the function that sets up the test suite
+//   tear_down_tc:     pointer to the function that tears down the test suite
 //   factory:          pointer to the factory that creates a test object.
 //                     The newly created TestInfo instance will assume
 //                     ownership of the factory object.
 TestInfo* MakeAndRegisterTestInfo(
-    const char* test_case_name,
-    const char* name,
-    const char* type_param,
-    const char* value_param,
-    CodeLocation code_location,
-    TypeId fixture_class_id,
-    SetUpTestCaseFunc set_up_tc,
-    TearDownTestCaseFunc tear_down_tc,
-    TestFactoryBase* factory) {
+    const char* test_suite_name, const char* name, const char* type_param,
+    const char* value_param, CodeLocation code_location,
+    TypeId fixture_class_id, SetUpTestSuiteFunc set_up_tc,
+    TearDownTestSuiteFunc tear_down_tc, TestFactoryBase* factory) {
   TestInfo* const test_info =
-      new TestInfo(test_case_name, name, type_param, value_param,
+      new TestInfo(test_suite_name, name, type_param, value_param,
                    code_location, fixture_class_id, factory);
   GetUnitTestImpl()->AddTestInfo(set_up_tc, tear_down_tc, test_info);
   return test_info;
 }
 
-#if GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
-void ReportInvalidTestCaseType(const char* test_case_name,
-                               CodeLocation code_location) {
+void ReportInvalidTestSuiteType(const char* test_suite_name,
+                                CodeLocation code_location) {
   Message errors;
   errors
-      << "Attempted redefinition of test case " << test_case_name << ".\n"
-      << "All tests in the same test case must use the same test fixture\n"
-      << "class.  However, in test case " << test_case_name << ", you tried\n"
+      << "Attempted redefinition of test suite " << test_suite_name << ".\n"
+      << "All tests in the same test suite must use the same test fixture\n"
+      << "class.  However, in test suite " << test_suite_name << ", you tried\n"
       << "to define a test using a fixture class different from the one\n"
       << "used earlier. This can happen if the two fixture classes are\n"
       << "from different namespaces and have the same name. You should\n"
       << "probably rename one of the classes to put the tests into different\n"
-      << "test cases.";
+      << "test suites.";
 
-  fprintf(stderr, "%s %s",
-          FormatFileLocation(code_location.file.c_str(),
-                             code_location.line).c_str(),
-          errors.GetString().c_str());
+  GTEST_LOG_(ERROR) << FormatFileLocation(code_location.file.c_str(),
+                                          code_location.line)
+                    << " " << errors.GetString();
 }
-#endif  // GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
-
 }  // namespace internal
 
 namespace {
@@ -4033,7 +4081,7 @@
 // A predicate that checks the test name of a TestInfo against a known
 // value.
 //
-// This is used for implementation of the TestCase class only.  We put
+// This is used for implementation of the TestSuite class only.  We put
 // it in the anonymous namespace to prevent polluting the outer
 // namespace.
 //
@@ -4060,15 +4108,13 @@
 namespace internal {
 
 // This method expands all parameterized tests registered with macros TEST_P
-// and INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P into regular tests and registers those.
+// and INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P into regular tests and registers those.
 // This will be done just once during the program runtime.
 void UnitTestImpl::RegisterParameterizedTests() {
-#if GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
   if (!parameterized_tests_registered_) {
     parameterized_test_registry_.RegisterTests();
     parameterized_tests_registered_ = true;
   }
-#endif
 }
 
 }  // namespace internal
@@ -4096,18 +4142,21 @@
       factory_, &internal::TestFactoryBase::CreateTest,
       "the test fixture's constructor");
 
-  // Runs the test only if the test object was created and its
-  // constructor didn't generate a fatal failure.
-  if ((test != NULL) && !Test::HasFatalFailure()) {
+  // Runs the test if the constructor didn't generate a fatal failure or invoke
+  // GTEST_SKIP().
+  // Note that the object will not be null
+  if (!Test::HasFatalFailure() && !Test::IsSkipped()) {
     // This doesn't throw as all user code that can throw are wrapped into
     // exception handling code.
     test->Run();
   }
 
-  // Deletes the test object.
-  impl->os_stack_trace_getter()->UponLeavingGTest();
-  internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(
-      test, &Test::DeleteSelf_, "the test fixture's destructor");
+  if (test != nullptr) {
+    // Deletes the test object.
+    impl->os_stack_trace_getter()->UponLeavingGTest();
+    internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(
+        test, &Test::DeleteSelf_, "the test fixture's destructor");
+  }
 
   result_.set_elapsed_time(internal::GetTimeInMillis() - start);
 
@@ -4116,106 +4165,116 @@
 
   // Tells UnitTest to stop associating assertion results to this
   // test.
-  impl->set_current_test_info(NULL);
+  impl->set_current_test_info(nullptr);
 }
 
-// class TestCase
+// class TestSuite
 
-// Gets the number of successful tests in this test case.
-int TestCase::successful_test_count() const {
+// Gets the number of successful tests in this test suite.
+int TestSuite::successful_test_count() const {
   return CountIf(test_info_list_, TestPassed);
 }
 
-// Gets the number of failed tests in this test case.
-int TestCase::failed_test_count() const {
+// Gets the number of successful tests in this test suite.
+int TestSuite::skipped_test_count() const {
+  return CountIf(test_info_list_, TestSkipped);
+}
+
+// Gets the number of failed tests in this test suite.
+int TestSuite::failed_test_count() const {
   return CountIf(test_info_list_, TestFailed);
 }
 
 // Gets the number of disabled tests that will be reported in the XML report.
-int TestCase::reportable_disabled_test_count() const {
+int TestSuite::reportable_disabled_test_count() const {
   return CountIf(test_info_list_, TestReportableDisabled);
 }
 
-// Gets the number of disabled tests in this test case.
-int TestCase::disabled_test_count() const {
+// Gets the number of disabled tests in this test suite.
+int TestSuite::disabled_test_count() const {
   return CountIf(test_info_list_, TestDisabled);
 }
 
 // Gets the number of tests to be printed in the XML report.
-int TestCase::reportable_test_count() const {
+int TestSuite::reportable_test_count() const {
   return CountIf(test_info_list_, TestReportable);
 }
 
-// Get the number of tests in this test case that should run.
-int TestCase::test_to_run_count() const {
+// Get the number of tests in this test suite that should run.
+int TestSuite::test_to_run_count() const {
   return CountIf(test_info_list_, ShouldRunTest);
 }
 
 // Gets the number of all tests.
-int TestCase::total_test_count() const {
+int TestSuite::total_test_count() const {
   return static_cast<int>(test_info_list_.size());
 }
 
-// Creates a TestCase with the given name.
+// Creates a TestSuite with the given name.
 //
 // Arguments:
 //
-//   name:         name of the test case
-//   a_type_param: the name of the test case's type parameter, or NULL if
-//                 this is not a typed or a type-parameterized test case.
-//   set_up_tc:    pointer to the function that sets up the test case
-//   tear_down_tc: pointer to the function that tears down the test case
-TestCase::TestCase(const char* a_name, const char* a_type_param,
-                   Test::SetUpTestCaseFunc set_up_tc,
-                   Test::TearDownTestCaseFunc tear_down_tc)
+//   name:         name of the test suite
+//   a_type_param: the name of the test suite's type parameter, or NULL if
+//                 this is not a typed or a type-parameterized test suite.
+//   set_up_tc:    pointer to the function that sets up the test suite
+//   tear_down_tc: pointer to the function that tears down the test suite
+TestSuite::TestSuite(const char* a_name, const char* a_type_param,
+                     internal::SetUpTestSuiteFunc set_up_tc,
+                     internal::TearDownTestSuiteFunc tear_down_tc)
     : name_(a_name),
-      type_param_(a_type_param ? new std::string(a_type_param) : NULL),
+      type_param_(a_type_param ? new std::string(a_type_param) : nullptr),
       set_up_tc_(set_up_tc),
       tear_down_tc_(tear_down_tc),
       should_run_(false),
-      elapsed_time_(0) {
-}
+      elapsed_time_(0) {}
 
-// Destructor of TestCase.
-TestCase::~TestCase() {
+// Destructor of TestSuite.
+TestSuite::~TestSuite() {
   // Deletes every Test in the collection.
   ForEach(test_info_list_, internal::Delete<TestInfo>);
 }
 
 // Returns the i-th test among all the tests. i can range from 0 to
 // total_test_count() - 1. If i is not in that range, returns NULL.
-const TestInfo* TestCase::GetTestInfo(int i) const {
+const TestInfo* TestSuite::GetTestInfo(int i) const {
   const int index = GetElementOr(test_indices_, i, -1);
-  return index < 0 ? NULL : test_info_list_[index];
+  return index < 0 ? nullptr : test_info_list_[index];
 }
 
 // Returns the i-th test among all the tests. i can range from 0 to
 // total_test_count() - 1. If i is not in that range, returns NULL.
-TestInfo* TestCase::GetMutableTestInfo(int i) {
+TestInfo* TestSuite::GetMutableTestInfo(int i) {
   const int index = GetElementOr(test_indices_, i, -1);
-  return index < 0 ? NULL : test_info_list_[index];
+  return index < 0 ? nullptr : test_info_list_[index];
 }
 
-// Adds a test to this test case.  Will delete the test upon
-// destruction of the TestCase object.
-void TestCase::AddTestInfo(TestInfo * test_info) {
+// Adds a test to this test suite.  Will delete the test upon
+// destruction of the TestSuite object.
+void TestSuite::AddTestInfo(TestInfo* test_info) {
   test_info_list_.push_back(test_info);
   test_indices_.push_back(static_cast<int>(test_indices_.size()));
 }
 
-// Runs every test in this TestCase.
-void TestCase::Run() {
+// Runs every test in this TestSuite.
+void TestSuite::Run() {
   if (!should_run_) return;
 
   internal::UnitTestImpl* const impl = internal::GetUnitTestImpl();
-  impl->set_current_test_case(this);
+  impl->set_current_test_suite(this);
 
   TestEventListener* repeater = UnitTest::GetInstance()->listeners().repeater();
 
+  // Call both legacy and the new API
+  repeater->OnTestSuiteStart(*this);
+//  Legacy API is deprecated but still available
+#ifndef GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI
   repeater->OnTestCaseStart(*this);
+#endif  //  GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI
+
   impl->os_stack_trace_getter()->UponLeavingGTest();
   internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(
-      this, &TestCase::RunSetUpTestCase, "SetUpTestCase()");
+      this, &TestSuite::RunSetUpTestSuite, "SetUpTestSuite()");
 
   const internal::TimeInMillis start = internal::GetTimeInMillis();
   for (int i = 0; i < total_test_count(); i++) {
@@ -4225,25 +4284,31 @@
 
   impl->os_stack_trace_getter()->UponLeavingGTest();
   internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(
-      this, &TestCase::RunTearDownTestCase, "TearDownTestCase()");
+      this, &TestSuite::RunTearDownTestSuite, "TearDownTestSuite()");
 
+  // Call both legacy and the new API
+  repeater->OnTestSuiteEnd(*this);
+//  Legacy API is deprecated but still available
+#ifndef GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI
   repeater->OnTestCaseEnd(*this);
-  impl->set_current_test_case(NULL);
+#endif  //  GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI
+
+  impl->set_current_test_suite(nullptr);
 }
 
-// Clears the results of all tests in this test case.
-void TestCase::ClearResult() {
+// Clears the results of all tests in this test suite.
+void TestSuite::ClearResult() {
   ad_hoc_test_result_.Clear();
   ForEach(test_info_list_, TestInfo::ClearTestResult);
 }
 
-// Shuffles the tests in this test case.
-void TestCase::ShuffleTests(internal::Random* random) {
+// Shuffles the tests in this test suite.
+void TestSuite::ShuffleTests(internal::Random* random) {
   Shuffle(random, &test_indices_);
 }
 
 // Restores the test order to before the first shuffle.
-void TestCase::UnshuffleTests() {
+void TestSuite::UnshuffleTests() {
   for (size_t i = 0; i < test_indices_.size(); i++) {
     test_indices_[i] = static_cast<int>(i);
   }
@@ -4266,9 +4331,9 @@
   return FormatCountableNoun(test_count, "test", "tests");
 }
 
-// Formats the count of test cases.
-static std::string FormatTestCaseCount(int test_case_count) {
-  return FormatCountableNoun(test_case_count, "test case", "test cases");
+// Formats the count of test suites.
+static std::string FormatTestSuiteCount(int test_suite_count) {
+  return FormatCountableNoun(test_suite_count, "test suite", "test suites");
 }
 
 // Converts a TestPartResult::Type enum to human-friendly string
@@ -4277,6 +4342,8 @@
 // between the two when viewing the test result.
 static const char * TestPartResultTypeToString(TestPartResult::Type type) {
   switch (type) {
+    case TestPartResult::kSkip:
+      return "Skipped";
     case TestPartResult::kSuccess:
       return "Success";
 
@@ -4324,19 +4391,11 @@
 }
 
 // class PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter
-
-enum GTestColor {
-  COLOR_DEFAULT,
-  COLOR_RED,
-  COLOR_GREEN,
-  COLOR_YELLOW
-};
-
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE && \
-    !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_PHONE && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_RT
+    !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_PHONE && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_RT && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MINGW
 
 // Returns the character attribute for the given color.
-WORD GetColorAttribute(GTestColor color) {
+static WORD GetColorAttribute(GTestColor color) {
   switch (color) {
     case COLOR_RED:    return FOREGROUND_RED;
     case COLOR_GREEN:  return FOREGROUND_GREEN;
@@ -4345,16 +4404,48 @@
   }
 }
 
+static int GetBitOffset(WORD color_mask) {
+  if (color_mask == 0) return 0;
+
+  int bitOffset = 0;
+  while ((color_mask & 1) == 0) {
+    color_mask >>= 1;
+    ++bitOffset;
+  }
+  return bitOffset;
+}
+
+static WORD GetNewColor(GTestColor color, WORD old_color_attrs) {
+  // Let's reuse the BG
+  static const WORD background_mask = BACKGROUND_BLUE | BACKGROUND_GREEN |
+                                      BACKGROUND_RED | BACKGROUND_INTENSITY;
+  static const WORD foreground_mask = FOREGROUND_BLUE | FOREGROUND_GREEN |
+                                      FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_INTENSITY;
+  const WORD existing_bg = old_color_attrs & background_mask;
+
+  WORD new_color =
+      GetColorAttribute(color) | existing_bg | FOREGROUND_INTENSITY;
+  static const int bg_bitOffset = GetBitOffset(background_mask);
+  static const int fg_bitOffset = GetBitOffset(foreground_mask);
+
+  if (((new_color & background_mask) >> bg_bitOffset) ==
+      ((new_color & foreground_mask) >> fg_bitOffset)) {
+    new_color ^= FOREGROUND_INTENSITY;  // invert intensity
+  }
+  return new_color;
+}
+
 #else
 
 // Returns the ANSI color code for the given color.  COLOR_DEFAULT is
 // an invalid input.
-const char* GetAnsiColorCode(GTestColor color) {
+static const char* GetAnsiColorCode(GTestColor color) {
   switch (color) {
     case COLOR_RED:     return "1";
     case COLOR_GREEN:   return "2";
     case COLOR_YELLOW:  return "3";
-    default:            return NULL;
+    default:
+      return nullptr;
   };
 }
 
@@ -4365,7 +4456,7 @@
   const char* const gtest_color = GTEST_FLAG(color).c_str();
 
   if (String::CaseInsensitiveCStringEquals(gtest_color, "auto")) {
-#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MINGW
     // On Windows the TERM variable is usually not set, but the
     // console there does support colors.
     return stdout_is_tty;
@@ -4405,15 +4496,14 @@
   va_list args;
   va_start(args, fmt);
 
-#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE || GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN || GTEST_OS_ZOS || \
-    GTEST_OS_IOS || GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_PHONE || GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_RT
+#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE || GTEST_OS_ZOS || GTEST_OS_IOS || \
+    GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_PHONE || GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_RT
   const bool use_color = AlwaysFalse();
 #else
   static const bool in_color_mode =
       ShouldUseColor(posix::IsATTY(posix::FileNo(stdout)) != 0);
   const bool use_color = in_color_mode && (color != COLOR_DEFAULT);
-#endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE || GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN || GTEST_OS_ZOS
-  // The '!= 0' comparison is necessary to satisfy MSVC 7.1.
+#endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE || GTEST_OS_ZOS
 
   if (!use_color) {
     vprintf(fmt, args);
@@ -4422,20 +4512,21 @@
   }
 
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE && \
-    !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_PHONE && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_RT
+    !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_PHONE && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_RT && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MINGW
   const HANDLE stdout_handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
 
   // Gets the current text color.
   CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO buffer_info;
   GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(stdout_handle, &buffer_info);
   const WORD old_color_attrs = buffer_info.wAttributes;
+  const WORD new_color = GetNewColor(color, old_color_attrs);
 
   // We need to flush the stream buffers into the console before each
   // SetConsoleTextAttribute call lest it affect the text that is already
   // printed but has not yet reached the console.
   fflush(stdout);
-  SetConsoleTextAttribute(stdout_handle,
-                          GetColorAttribute(color) | FOREGROUND_INTENSITY);
+  SetConsoleTextAttribute(stdout_handle, new_color);
+
   vprintf(fmt, args);
 
   fflush(stdout);
@@ -4449,23 +4540,22 @@
   va_end(args);
 }
 
-// Text printed in Google Test's text output and --gunit_list_tests
+// Text printed in Google Test's text output and --gtest_list_tests
 // output to label the type parameter and value parameter for a test.
 static const char kTypeParamLabel[] = "TypeParam";
 static const char kValueParamLabel[] = "GetParam()";
 
-void PrintFullTestCommentIfPresent(const TestInfo& test_info) {
+static void PrintFullTestCommentIfPresent(const TestInfo& test_info) {
   const char* const type_param = test_info.type_param();
   const char* const value_param = test_info.value_param();
 
-  if (type_param != NULL || value_param != NULL) {
+  if (type_param != nullptr || value_param != nullptr) {
     printf(", where ");
-    if (type_param != NULL) {
+    if (type_param != nullptr) {
       printf("%s = %s", kTypeParamLabel, type_param);
-      if (value_param != NULL)
-        printf(" and ");
+      if (value_param != nullptr) printf(" and ");
     }
-    if (value_param != NULL) {
+    if (value_param != nullptr) {
       printf("%s = %s", kValueParamLabel, value_param);
     }
   }
@@ -4477,27 +4567,28 @@
 class PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter : public TestEventListener {
  public:
   PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter() {}
-  static void PrintTestName(const char * test_case, const char * test) {
-    printf("%s.%s", test_case, test);
+  static void PrintTestName(const char* test_suite, const char* test) {
+    printf("%s.%s", test_suite, test);
   }
 
   // The following methods override what's in the TestEventListener class.
-  virtual void OnTestProgramStart(const UnitTest& /*unit_test*/) {}
-  virtual void OnTestIterationStart(const UnitTest& unit_test, int iteration);
-  virtual void OnEnvironmentsSetUpStart(const UnitTest& unit_test);
-  virtual void OnEnvironmentsSetUpEnd(const UnitTest& /*unit_test*/) {}
-  virtual void OnTestCaseStart(const TestCase& test_case);
-  virtual void OnTestStart(const TestInfo& test_info);
-  virtual void OnTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& result);
-  virtual void OnTestEnd(const TestInfo& test_info);
-  virtual void OnTestCaseEnd(const TestCase& test_case);
-  virtual void OnEnvironmentsTearDownStart(const UnitTest& unit_test);
-  virtual void OnEnvironmentsTearDownEnd(const UnitTest& /*unit_test*/) {}
-  virtual void OnTestIterationEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test, int iteration);
-  virtual void OnTestProgramEnd(const UnitTest& /*unit_test*/) {}
+  void OnTestProgramStart(const UnitTest& /*unit_test*/) override {}
+  void OnTestIterationStart(const UnitTest& unit_test, int iteration) override;
+  void OnEnvironmentsSetUpStart(const UnitTest& unit_test) override;
+  void OnEnvironmentsSetUpEnd(const UnitTest& /*unit_test*/) override {}
+  void OnTestCaseStart(const TestSuite& test_suite) override;
+  void OnTestStart(const TestInfo& test_info) override;
+  void OnTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& result) override;
+  void OnTestEnd(const TestInfo& test_info) override;
+  void OnTestCaseEnd(const TestSuite& test_suite) override;
+  void OnEnvironmentsTearDownStart(const UnitTest& unit_test) override;
+  void OnEnvironmentsTearDownEnd(const UnitTest& /*unit_test*/) override {}
+  void OnTestIterationEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test, int iteration) override;
+  void OnTestProgramEnd(const UnitTest& /*unit_test*/) override {}
 
  private:
   static void PrintFailedTests(const UnitTest& unit_test);
+  static void PrintSkippedTests(const UnitTest& unit_test);
 };
 
   // Fired before each iteration of tests starts.
@@ -4532,7 +4623,7 @@
   ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN,  "[==========] ");
   printf("Running %s from %s.\n",
          FormatTestCount(unit_test.test_to_run_count()).c_str(),
-         FormatTestCaseCount(unit_test.test_case_to_run_count()).c_str());
+         FormatTestSuiteCount(unit_test.test_suite_to_run_count()).c_str());
   fflush(stdout);
 }
 
@@ -4543,22 +4634,22 @@
   fflush(stdout);
 }
 
-void PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter::OnTestCaseStart(const TestCase& test_case) {
+void PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter::OnTestCaseStart(const TestSuite& test_suite) {
   const std::string counts =
-      FormatCountableNoun(test_case.test_to_run_count(), "test", "tests");
+      FormatCountableNoun(test_suite.test_to_run_count(), "test", "tests");
   ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN, "[----------] ");
-  printf("%s from %s", counts.c_str(), test_case.name());
-  if (test_case.type_param() == NULL) {
+  printf("%s from %s", counts.c_str(), test_suite.name());
+  if (test_suite.type_param() == nullptr) {
     printf("\n");
   } else {
-    printf(", where %s = %s\n", kTypeParamLabel, test_case.type_param());
+    printf(", where %s = %s\n", kTypeParamLabel, test_suite.type_param());
   }
   fflush(stdout);
 }
 
 void PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter::OnTestStart(const TestInfo& test_info) {
   ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN,  "[ RUN      ] ");
-  PrintTestName(test_info.test_case_name(), test_info.name());
+  PrintTestName(test_info.test_suite_name(), test_info.name());
   printf("\n");
   fflush(stdout);
 }
@@ -4566,22 +4657,29 @@
 // Called after an assertion failure.
 void PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter::OnTestPartResult(
     const TestPartResult& result) {
-  // If the test part succeeded, we don't need to do anything.
-  if (result.type() == TestPartResult::kSuccess)
-    return;
-
-  // Print failure message from the assertion (e.g. expected this and got that).
-  PrintTestPartResult(result);
-  fflush(stdout);
+  switch (result.type()) {
+    // If the test part succeeded, or was skipped,
+    // we don't need to do anything.
+    case TestPartResult::kSkip:
+    case TestPartResult::kSuccess:
+      return;
+    default:
+      // Print failure message from the assertion
+      // (e.g. expected this and got that).
+      PrintTestPartResult(result);
+      fflush(stdout);
+  }
 }
 
 void PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter::OnTestEnd(const TestInfo& test_info) {
   if (test_info.result()->Passed()) {
     ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN, "[       OK ] ");
+  } else if (test_info.result()->Skipped()) {
+    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN, "[  SKIPPED ] ");
   } else {
     ColoredPrintf(COLOR_RED, "[  FAILED  ] ");
   }
-  PrintTestName(test_info.test_case_name(), test_info.name());
+  PrintTestName(test_info.test_suite_name(), test_info.name());
   if (test_info.result()->Failed())
     PrintFullTestCommentIfPresent(test_info);
 
@@ -4594,15 +4692,14 @@
   fflush(stdout);
 }
 
-void PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter::OnTestCaseEnd(const TestCase& test_case) {
+void PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter::OnTestCaseEnd(const TestSuite& test_suite) {
   if (!GTEST_FLAG(print_time)) return;
 
   const std::string counts =
-      FormatCountableNoun(test_case.test_to_run_count(), "test", "tests");
+      FormatCountableNoun(test_suite.test_to_run_count(), "test", "tests");
   ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN, "[----------] ");
-  printf("%s from %s (%s ms total)\n\n",
-         counts.c_str(), test_case.name(),
-         internal::StreamableToString(test_case.elapsed_time()).c_str());
+  printf("%s from %s (%s ms total)\n\n", counts.c_str(), test_suite.name(),
+         internal::StreamableToString(test_suite.elapsed_time()).c_str());
   fflush(stdout);
 }
 
@@ -4620,30 +4717,54 @@
     return;
   }
 
-  for (int i = 0; i < unit_test.total_test_case_count(); ++i) {
-    const TestCase& test_case = *unit_test.GetTestCase(i);
-    if (!test_case.should_run() || (test_case.failed_test_count() == 0)) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < unit_test.total_test_suite_count(); ++i) {
+    const TestSuite& test_suite = *unit_test.GetTestSuite(i);
+    if (!test_suite.should_run() || (test_suite.failed_test_count() == 0)) {
       continue;
     }
-    for (int j = 0; j < test_case.total_test_count(); ++j) {
-      const TestInfo& test_info = *test_case.GetTestInfo(j);
-      if (!test_info.should_run() || test_info.result()->Passed()) {
+    for (int j = 0; j < test_suite.total_test_count(); ++j) {
+      const TestInfo& test_info = *test_suite.GetTestInfo(j);
+      if (!test_info.should_run() || !test_info.result()->Failed()) {
         continue;
       }
       ColoredPrintf(COLOR_RED, "[  FAILED  ] ");
-      printf("%s.%s", test_case.name(), test_info.name());
+      printf("%s.%s", test_suite.name(), test_info.name());
       PrintFullTestCommentIfPresent(test_info);
       printf("\n");
     }
   }
 }
 
+// Internal helper for printing the list of skipped tests.
+void PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter::PrintSkippedTests(const UnitTest& unit_test) {
+  const int skipped_test_count = unit_test.skipped_test_count();
+  if (skipped_test_count == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < unit_test.total_test_suite_count(); ++i) {
+    const TestSuite& test_suite = *unit_test.GetTestSuite(i);
+    if (!test_suite.should_run() || (test_suite.skipped_test_count() == 0)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    for (int j = 0; j < test_suite.total_test_count(); ++j) {
+      const TestInfo& test_info = *test_suite.GetTestInfo(j);
+      if (!test_info.should_run() || !test_info.result()->Skipped()) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN, "[  SKIPPED ] ");
+      printf("%s.%s", test_suite.name(), test_info.name());
+      printf("\n");
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 void PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter::OnTestIterationEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test,
                                                      int /*iteration*/) {
   ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN,  "[==========] ");
   printf("%s from %s ran.",
          FormatTestCount(unit_test.test_to_run_count()).c_str(),
-         FormatTestCaseCount(unit_test.test_case_to_run_count()).c_str());
+         FormatTestSuiteCount(unit_test.test_suite_to_run_count()).c_str());
   if (GTEST_FLAG(print_time)) {
     printf(" (%s ms total)",
            internal::StreamableToString(unit_test.elapsed_time()).c_str());
@@ -4652,6 +4773,13 @@
   ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN,  "[  PASSED  ] ");
   printf("%s.\n", FormatTestCount(unit_test.successful_test_count()).c_str());
 
+  const int skipped_test_count = unit_test.skipped_test_count();
+  if (skipped_test_count > 0) {
+    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN, "[  SKIPPED ] ");
+    printf("%s, listed below:\n", FormatTestCount(skipped_test_count).c_str());
+    PrintSkippedTests(unit_test);
+  }
+
   int num_failures = unit_test.failed_test_count();
   if (!unit_test.Passed()) {
     const int failed_test_count = unit_test.failed_test_count();
@@ -4684,7 +4812,7 @@
 class TestEventRepeater : public TestEventListener {
  public:
   TestEventRepeater() : forwarding_enabled_(true) {}
-  virtual ~TestEventRepeater();
+  ~TestEventRepeater() override;
   void Append(TestEventListener *listener);
   TestEventListener* Release(TestEventListener* listener);
 
@@ -4693,19 +4821,27 @@
   bool forwarding_enabled() const { return forwarding_enabled_; }
   void set_forwarding_enabled(bool enable) { forwarding_enabled_ = enable; }
 
-  virtual void OnTestProgramStart(const UnitTest& unit_test);
-  virtual void OnTestIterationStart(const UnitTest& unit_test, int iteration);
-  virtual void OnEnvironmentsSetUpStart(const UnitTest& unit_test);
-  virtual void OnEnvironmentsSetUpEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test);
-  virtual void OnTestCaseStart(const TestCase& test_case);
-  virtual void OnTestStart(const TestInfo& test_info);
-  virtual void OnTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& result);
-  virtual void OnTestEnd(const TestInfo& test_info);
-  virtual void OnTestCaseEnd(const TestCase& test_case);
-  virtual void OnEnvironmentsTearDownStart(const UnitTest& unit_test);
-  virtual void OnEnvironmentsTearDownEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test);
-  virtual void OnTestIterationEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test, int iteration);
-  virtual void OnTestProgramEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test);
+  void OnTestProgramStart(const UnitTest& unit_test) override;
+  void OnTestIterationStart(const UnitTest& unit_test, int iteration) override;
+  void OnEnvironmentsSetUpStart(const UnitTest& unit_test) override;
+  void OnEnvironmentsSetUpEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test) override;
+//  Legacy API is deprecated but still available
+#ifndef GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI
+  void OnTestCaseStart(const TestSuite& parameter) override;
+#endif  //  GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI
+  void OnTestSuiteStart(const TestSuite& parameter) override;
+  void OnTestStart(const TestInfo& test_info) override;
+  void OnTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& result) override;
+  void OnTestEnd(const TestInfo& test_info) override;
+//  Legacy API is deprecated but still available
+#ifndef GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI
+  void OnTestCaseEnd(const TestSuite& parameter) override;
+#endif  //  GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI
+  void OnTestSuiteEnd(const TestSuite& parameter) override;
+  void OnEnvironmentsTearDownStart(const UnitTest& unit_test) override;
+  void OnEnvironmentsTearDownEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test) override;
+  void OnTestIterationEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test, int iteration) override;
+  void OnTestProgramEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test) override;
 
  private:
   // Controls whether events will be forwarded to listeners_. Set to false
@@ -4725,7 +4861,6 @@
   listeners_.push_back(listener);
 }
 
-// TODO(vladl@google.com): Factor the search functionality into Vector::Find.
 TestEventListener* TestEventRepeater::Release(TestEventListener *listener) {
   for (size_t i = 0; i < listeners_.size(); ++i) {
     if (listeners_[i] == listener) {
@@ -4734,7 +4869,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  return NULL;
+  return nullptr;
 }
 
 // Since most methods are very similar, use macros to reduce boilerplate.
@@ -4760,14 +4895,22 @@
 
 GTEST_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnTestProgramStart, UnitTest)
 GTEST_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnEnvironmentsSetUpStart, UnitTest)
-GTEST_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnTestCaseStart, TestCase)
+//  Legacy API is deprecated but still available
+#ifndef GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI_
+GTEST_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnTestCaseStart, TestSuite)
+#endif  //  GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI_
+GTEST_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnTestSuiteStart, TestSuite)
 GTEST_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnTestStart, TestInfo)
 GTEST_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnTestPartResult, TestPartResult)
 GTEST_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnEnvironmentsTearDownStart, UnitTest)
 GTEST_REVERSE_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnEnvironmentsSetUpEnd, UnitTest)
 GTEST_REVERSE_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnEnvironmentsTearDownEnd, UnitTest)
 GTEST_REVERSE_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnTestEnd, TestInfo)
-GTEST_REVERSE_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnTestCaseEnd, TestCase)
+//  Legacy API is deprecated but still available
+#ifndef GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI_
+GTEST_REVERSE_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnTestCaseEnd, TestSuite)
+#endif  //  GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI_
+GTEST_REVERSE_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnTestSuiteEnd, TestSuite)
 GTEST_REVERSE_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnTestProgramEnd, UnitTest)
 
 #undef GTEST_REPEATER_METHOD_
@@ -4798,7 +4941,12 @@
  public:
   explicit XmlUnitTestResultPrinter(const char* output_file);
 
-  virtual void OnTestIterationEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test, int iteration);
+  void OnTestIterationEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test, int iteration) override;
+  void ListTestsMatchingFilter(const std::vector<TestSuite*>& test_suites);
+
+  // Prints an XML summary of all unit tests.
+  static void PrintXmlTestsList(std::ostream* stream,
+                                const std::vector<TestSuite*>& test_suites);
 
  private:
   // Is c a whitespace character that is normalized to a space character
@@ -4843,12 +4991,12 @@
 
   // Streams an XML representation of a TestInfo object.
   static void OutputXmlTestInfo(::std::ostream* stream,
-                                const char* test_case_name,
+                                const char* test_suite_name,
                                 const TestInfo& test_info);
 
-  // Prints an XML representation of a TestCase object
-  static void PrintXmlTestCase(::std::ostream* stream,
-                               const TestCase& test_case);
+  // Prints an XML representation of a TestSuite object
+  static void PrintXmlTestSuite(::std::ostream* stream,
+                                const TestSuite& test_suite);
 
   // Prints an XML summary of unit_test to output stream out.
   static void PrintXmlUnitTest(::std::ostream* stream,
@@ -4860,6 +5008,11 @@
   // to delimit this attribute from prior attributes.
   static std::string TestPropertiesAsXmlAttributes(const TestResult& result);
 
+  // Streams an XML representation of the test properties of a TestResult
+  // object.
+  static void OutputXmlTestProperties(std::ostream* stream,
+                                      const TestResult& result);
+
   // The output file.
   const std::string output_file_;
 
@@ -4869,46 +5022,30 @@
 // Creates a new XmlUnitTestResultPrinter.
 XmlUnitTestResultPrinter::XmlUnitTestResultPrinter(const char* output_file)
     : output_file_(output_file) {
-  if (output_file_.c_str() == NULL || output_file_.empty()) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "XML output file may not be null\n");
-    fflush(stderr);
-    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  if (output_file_.empty()) {
+    GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "XML output file may not be null";
   }
 }
 
 // Called after the unit test ends.
 void XmlUnitTestResultPrinter::OnTestIterationEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test,
                                                   int /*iteration*/) {
-  FILE* xmlout = NULL;
-  FilePath output_file(output_file_);
-  FilePath output_dir(output_file.RemoveFileName());
-
-  if (output_dir.CreateDirectoriesRecursively()) {
-    xmlout = posix::FOpen(output_file_.c_str(), "w");
-  }
-  if (xmlout == NULL) {
-    // TODO(wan): report the reason of the failure.
-    //
-    // We don't do it for now as:
-    //
-    //   1. There is no urgent need for it.
-    //   2. It's a bit involved to make the errno variable thread-safe on
-    //      all three operating systems (Linux, Windows, and Mac OS).
-    //   3. To interpret the meaning of errno in a thread-safe way,
-    //      we need the strerror_r() function, which is not available on
-    //      Windows.
-    fprintf(stderr,
-            "Unable to open file \"%s\"\n",
-            output_file_.c_str());
-    fflush(stderr);
-    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-  }
+  FILE* xmlout = OpenFileForWriting(output_file_);
   std::stringstream stream;
   PrintXmlUnitTest(&stream, unit_test);
   fprintf(xmlout, "%s", StringStreamToString(&stream).c_str());
   fclose(xmlout);
 }
 
+void XmlUnitTestResultPrinter::ListTestsMatchingFilter(
+    const std::vector<TestSuite*>& test_suites) {
+  FILE* xmlout = OpenFileForWriting(output_file_);
+  std::stringstream stream;
+  PrintXmlTestsList(&stream, test_suites);
+  fprintf(xmlout, "%s", StringStreamToString(&stream).c_str());
+  fclose(xmlout);
+}
+
 // Returns an XML-escaped copy of the input string str.  If is_attribute
 // is true, the text is meant to appear as an attribute value, and
 // normalizable whitespace is preserved by replacing it with character
@@ -4919,8 +5056,6 @@
 // module will consist of ordinary English text.
 // If this module is ever modified to produce version 1.1 XML output,
 // most invalid characters can be retained using character references.
-// TODO(wan): It might be nice to have a minimally invasive, human-readable
-// escaping scheme for invalid characters, rather than dropping them.
 std::string XmlUnitTestResultPrinter::EscapeXml(
     const std::string& str, bool is_attribute) {
   Message m;
@@ -4980,11 +5115,12 @@
 
 // The following routines generate an XML representation of a UnitTest
 // object.
+// GOOGLETEST_CM0009 DO NOT DELETE
 //
 // This is how Google Test concepts map to the DTD:
 //
 // <testsuites name="AllTests">        <-- corresponds to a UnitTest object
-//   <testsuite name="testcase-name">  <-- corresponds to a TestCase object
+//   <testsuite name="testcase-name">  <-- corresponds to a TestSuite object
 //     <testcase name="test-name">     <-- corresponds to a TestInfo object
 //       <failure message="...">...</failure>
 //       <failure message="...">...</failure>
@@ -5008,12 +5144,11 @@
   // MINGW <time.h> provides neither localtime_r nor localtime_s, but uses
   // Windows' localtime(), which has a thread-local tm buffer.
   struct tm* tm_ptr = localtime(&seconds);  // NOLINT
-  if (tm_ptr == NULL)
-    return false;
+  if (tm_ptr == nullptr) return false;
   *out = *tm_ptr;
   return true;
 #else
-  return localtime_r(&seconds, out) != NULL;
+  return localtime_r(&seconds, out) != nullptr;
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -5039,7 +5174,7 @@
   *stream << "<![CDATA[";
   for (;;) {
     const char* const next_segment = strstr(segment, "]]>");
-    if (next_segment != NULL) {
+    if (next_segment != nullptr) {
       stream->write(
           segment, static_cast<std::streamsize>(next_segment - segment));
       *stream << "]]>]]&gt;<![CDATA[";
@@ -5069,30 +5204,41 @@
 }
 
 // Prints an XML representation of a TestInfo object.
-// TODO(wan): There is also value in printing properties with the plain printer.
 void XmlUnitTestResultPrinter::OutputXmlTestInfo(::std::ostream* stream,
-                                                 const char* test_case_name,
+                                                 const char* test_suite_name,
                                                  const TestInfo& test_info) {
   const TestResult& result = *test_info.result();
-  const std::string kTestcase = "testcase";
+  const std::string kTestsuite = "testcase";
+
+  if (test_info.is_in_another_shard()) {
+    return;
+  }
 
   *stream << "    <testcase";
-  OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestcase, "name", test_info.name());
+  OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuite, "name", test_info.name());
 
-  if (test_info.value_param() != NULL) {
-    OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestcase, "value_param",
+  if (test_info.value_param() != nullptr) {
+    OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuite, "value_param",
                        test_info.value_param());
   }
-  if (test_info.type_param() != NULL) {
-    OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestcase, "type_param", test_info.type_param());
+  if (test_info.type_param() != nullptr) {
+    OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuite, "type_param",
+                       test_info.type_param());
+  }
+  if (GTEST_FLAG(list_tests)) {
+    OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuite, "file", test_info.file());
+    OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuite, "line",
+                       StreamableToString(test_info.line()));
+    *stream << " />\n";
+    return;
   }
 
-  OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestcase, "status",
-                     test_info.should_run() ? "run" : "notrun");
-  OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestcase, "time",
+  OutputXmlAttribute(
+      stream, kTestsuite, "status",
+      result.Skipped() ? "skipped" : test_info.should_run() ? "run" : "notrun");
+  OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuite, "time",
                      FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds(result.elapsed_time()));
-  OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestcase, "classname", test_case_name);
-  *stream << TestPropertiesAsXmlAttributes(result);
+  OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuite, "classname", test_suite_name);
 
   int failures = 0;
   for (int i = 0; i < result.total_part_count(); ++i) {
@@ -5101,46 +5247,53 @@
       if (++failures == 1) {
         *stream << ">\n";
       }
-      const string location = internal::FormatCompilerIndependentFileLocation(
-          part.file_name(), part.line_number());
-      const string summary = location + "\n" + part.summary();
+      const std::string location =
+          internal::FormatCompilerIndependentFileLocation(part.file_name(),
+                                                          part.line_number());
+      const std::string summary = location + "\n" + part.summary();
       *stream << "      <failure message=\""
               << EscapeXmlAttribute(summary.c_str())
               << "\" type=\"\">";
-      const string detail = location + "\n" + part.message();
+      const std::string detail = location + "\n" + part.message();
       OutputXmlCDataSection(stream, RemoveInvalidXmlCharacters(detail).c_str());
       *stream << "</failure>\n";
     }
   }
 
-  if (failures == 0)
+  if (failures == 0 && result.test_property_count() == 0) {
     *stream << " />\n";
-  else
+  } else {
+    if (failures == 0) {
+      *stream << ">\n";
+    }
+    OutputXmlTestProperties(stream, result);
     *stream << "    </testcase>\n";
+  }
 }
 
-// Prints an XML representation of a TestCase object
-void XmlUnitTestResultPrinter::PrintXmlTestCase(std::ostream* stream,
-                                                const TestCase& test_case) {
+// Prints an XML representation of a TestSuite object
+void XmlUnitTestResultPrinter::PrintXmlTestSuite(std::ostream* stream,
+                                                 const TestSuite& test_suite) {
   const std::string kTestsuite = "testsuite";
   *stream << "  <" << kTestsuite;
-  OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuite, "name", test_case.name());
+  OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuite, "name", test_suite.name());
   OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuite, "tests",
-                     StreamableToString(test_case.reportable_test_count()));
-  OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuite, "failures",
-                     StreamableToString(test_case.failed_test_count()));
-  OutputXmlAttribute(
-      stream, kTestsuite, "disabled",
-      StreamableToString(test_case.reportable_disabled_test_count()));
-  OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuite, "errors", "0");
-  OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuite, "time",
-                     FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds(test_case.elapsed_time()));
-  *stream << TestPropertiesAsXmlAttributes(test_case.ad_hoc_test_result())
-          << ">\n";
-
-  for (int i = 0; i < test_case.total_test_count(); ++i) {
-    if (test_case.GetTestInfo(i)->is_reportable())
-      OutputXmlTestInfo(stream, test_case.name(), *test_case.GetTestInfo(i));
+                     StreamableToString(test_suite.reportable_test_count()));
+  if (!GTEST_FLAG(list_tests)) {
+    OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuite, "failures",
+                       StreamableToString(test_suite.failed_test_count()));
+    OutputXmlAttribute(
+        stream, kTestsuite, "disabled",
+        StreamableToString(test_suite.reportable_disabled_test_count()));
+    OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuite, "errors", "0");
+    OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuite, "time",
+                       FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds(test_suite.elapsed_time()));
+    *stream << TestPropertiesAsXmlAttributes(test_suite.ad_hoc_test_result());
+  }
+  *stream << ">\n";
+  for (int i = 0; i < test_suite.total_test_count(); ++i) {
+    if (test_suite.GetTestInfo(i)->is_reportable())
+      OutputXmlTestInfo(stream, test_suite.name(), *test_suite.GetTestInfo(i));
   }
   *stream << "  </" << kTestsuite << ">\n";
 }
@@ -5171,15 +5324,36 @@
     OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuites, "random_seed",
                        StreamableToString(unit_test.random_seed()));
   }
-
   *stream << TestPropertiesAsXmlAttributes(unit_test.ad_hoc_test_result());
 
   OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuites, "name", "AllTests");
   *stream << ">\n";
 
-  for (int i = 0; i < unit_test.total_test_case_count(); ++i) {
-    if (unit_test.GetTestCase(i)->reportable_test_count() > 0)
-      PrintXmlTestCase(stream, *unit_test.GetTestCase(i));
+  for (int i = 0; i < unit_test.total_test_suite_count(); ++i) {
+    if (unit_test.GetTestSuite(i)->reportable_test_count() > 0)
+      PrintXmlTestSuite(stream, *unit_test.GetTestSuite(i));
+  }
+  *stream << "</" << kTestsuites << ">\n";
+}
+
+void XmlUnitTestResultPrinter::PrintXmlTestsList(
+    std::ostream* stream, const std::vector<TestSuite*>& test_suites) {
+  const std::string kTestsuites = "testsuites";
+
+  *stream << "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n";
+  *stream << "<" << kTestsuites;
+
+  int total_tests = 0;
+  for (auto test_suite : test_suites) {
+    total_tests += test_suite->total_test_count();
+  }
+  OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuites, "tests",
+                     StreamableToString(total_tests));
+  OutputXmlAttribute(stream, kTestsuites, "name", "AllTests");
+  *stream << ">\n";
+
+  for (auto test_suite : test_suites) {
+    PrintXmlTestSuite(stream, *test_suite);
   }
   *stream << "</" << kTestsuites << ">\n";
 }
@@ -5197,8 +5371,393 @@
   return attributes.GetString();
 }
 
+void XmlUnitTestResultPrinter::OutputXmlTestProperties(
+    std::ostream* stream, const TestResult& result) {
+  const std::string kProperties = "properties";
+  const std::string kProperty = "property";
+
+  if (result.test_property_count() <= 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  *stream << "<" << kProperties << ">\n";
+  for (int i = 0; i < result.test_property_count(); ++i) {
+    const TestProperty& property = result.GetTestProperty(i);
+    *stream << "<" << kProperty;
+    *stream << " name=\"" << EscapeXmlAttribute(property.key()) << "\"";
+    *stream << " value=\"" << EscapeXmlAttribute(property.value()) << "\"";
+    *stream << "/>\n";
+  }
+  *stream << "</" << kProperties << ">\n";
+}
+
 // End XmlUnitTestResultPrinter
 
+// This class generates an JSON output file.
+class JsonUnitTestResultPrinter : public EmptyTestEventListener {
+ public:
+  explicit JsonUnitTestResultPrinter(const char* output_file);
+
+  void OnTestIterationEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test, int iteration) override;
+
+  // Prints an JSON summary of all unit tests.
+  static void PrintJsonTestList(::std::ostream* stream,
+                                const std::vector<TestSuite*>& test_suites);
+
+ private:
+  // Returns an JSON-escaped copy of the input string str.
+  static std::string EscapeJson(const std::string& str);
+
+  //// Verifies that the given attribute belongs to the given element and
+  //// streams the attribute as JSON.
+  static void OutputJsonKey(std::ostream* stream,
+                            const std::string& element_name,
+                            const std::string& name,
+                            const std::string& value,
+                            const std::string& indent,
+                            bool comma = true);
+  static void OutputJsonKey(std::ostream* stream,
+                            const std::string& element_name,
+                            const std::string& name,
+                            int value,
+                            const std::string& indent,
+                            bool comma = true);
+
+  // Streams a JSON representation of a TestInfo object.
+  static void OutputJsonTestInfo(::std::ostream* stream,
+                                 const char* test_suite_name,
+                                 const TestInfo& test_info);
+
+  // Prints a JSON representation of a TestSuite object
+  static void PrintJsonTestSuite(::std::ostream* stream,
+                                 const TestSuite& test_suite);
+
+  // Prints a JSON summary of unit_test to output stream out.
+  static void PrintJsonUnitTest(::std::ostream* stream,
+                                const UnitTest& unit_test);
+
+  // Produces a string representing the test properties in a result as
+  // a JSON dictionary.
+  static std::string TestPropertiesAsJson(const TestResult& result,
+                                          const std::string& indent);
+
+  // The output file.
+  const std::string output_file_;
+
+  GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(JsonUnitTestResultPrinter);
+};
+
+// Creates a new JsonUnitTestResultPrinter.
+JsonUnitTestResultPrinter::JsonUnitTestResultPrinter(const char* output_file)
+    : output_file_(output_file) {
+  if (output_file_.empty()) {
+    GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "JSON output file may not be null";
+  }
+}
+
+void JsonUnitTestResultPrinter::OnTestIterationEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test,
+                                                  int /*iteration*/) {
+  FILE* jsonout = OpenFileForWriting(output_file_);
+  std::stringstream stream;
+  PrintJsonUnitTest(&stream, unit_test);
+  fprintf(jsonout, "%s", StringStreamToString(&stream).c_str());
+  fclose(jsonout);
+}
+
+// Returns an JSON-escaped copy of the input string str.
+std::string JsonUnitTestResultPrinter::EscapeJson(const std::string& str) {
+  Message m;
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < str.size(); ++i) {
+    const char ch = str[i];
+    switch (ch) {
+      case '\\':
+      case '"':
+      case '/':
+        m << '\\' << ch;
+        break;
+      case '\b':
+        m << "\\b";
+        break;
+      case '\t':
+        m << "\\t";
+        break;
+      case '\n':
+        m << "\\n";
+        break;
+      case '\f':
+        m << "\\f";
+        break;
+      case '\r':
+        m << "\\r";
+        break;
+      default:
+        if (ch < ' ') {
+          m << "\\u00" << String::FormatByte(static_cast<unsigned char>(ch));
+        } else {
+          m << ch;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return m.GetString();
+}
+
+// The following routines generate an JSON representation of a UnitTest
+// object.
+
+// Formats the given time in milliseconds as seconds.
+static std::string FormatTimeInMillisAsDuration(TimeInMillis ms) {
+  ::std::stringstream ss;
+  ss << (static_cast<double>(ms) * 1e-3) << "s";
+  return ss.str();
+}
+
+// Converts the given epoch time in milliseconds to a date string in the
+// RFC3339 format, without the timezone information.
+static std::string FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsRFC3339(TimeInMillis ms) {
+  struct tm time_struct;
+  if (!PortableLocaltime(static_cast<time_t>(ms / 1000), &time_struct))
+    return "";
+  // YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss
+  return StreamableToString(time_struct.tm_year + 1900) + "-" +
+      String::FormatIntWidth2(time_struct.tm_mon + 1) + "-" +
+      String::FormatIntWidth2(time_struct.tm_mday) + "T" +
+      String::FormatIntWidth2(time_struct.tm_hour) + ":" +
+      String::FormatIntWidth2(time_struct.tm_min) + ":" +
+      String::FormatIntWidth2(time_struct.tm_sec) + "Z";
+}
+
+static inline std::string Indent(int width) {
+  return std::string(width, ' ');
+}
+
+void JsonUnitTestResultPrinter::OutputJsonKey(
+    std::ostream* stream,
+    const std::string& element_name,
+    const std::string& name,
+    const std::string& value,
+    const std::string& indent,
+    bool comma) {
+  const std::vector<std::string>& allowed_names =
+      GetReservedAttributesForElement(element_name);
+
+  GTEST_CHECK_(std::find(allowed_names.begin(), allowed_names.end(), name) !=
+                   allowed_names.end())
+      << "Key \"" << name << "\" is not allowed for value \"" << element_name
+      << "\".";
+
+  *stream << indent << "\"" << name << "\": \"" << EscapeJson(value) << "\"";
+  if (comma)
+    *stream << ",\n";
+}
+
+void JsonUnitTestResultPrinter::OutputJsonKey(
+    std::ostream* stream,
+    const std::string& element_name,
+    const std::string& name,
+    int value,
+    const std::string& indent,
+    bool comma) {
+  const std::vector<std::string>& allowed_names =
+      GetReservedAttributesForElement(element_name);
+
+  GTEST_CHECK_(std::find(allowed_names.begin(), allowed_names.end(), name) !=
+                   allowed_names.end())
+      << "Key \"" << name << "\" is not allowed for value \"" << element_name
+      << "\".";
+
+  *stream << indent << "\"" << name << "\": " << StreamableToString(value);
+  if (comma)
+    *stream << ",\n";
+}
+
+// Prints a JSON representation of a TestInfo object.
+void JsonUnitTestResultPrinter::OutputJsonTestInfo(::std::ostream* stream,
+                                                   const char* test_suite_name,
+                                                   const TestInfo& test_info) {
+  const TestResult& result = *test_info.result();
+  const std::string kTestsuite = "testcase";
+  const std::string kIndent = Indent(10);
+
+  *stream << Indent(8) << "{\n";
+  OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuite, "name", test_info.name(), kIndent);
+
+  if (test_info.value_param() != nullptr) {
+    OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuite, "value_param", test_info.value_param(),
+                  kIndent);
+  }
+  if (test_info.type_param() != nullptr) {
+    OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuite, "type_param", test_info.type_param(),
+                  kIndent);
+  }
+  if (GTEST_FLAG(list_tests)) {
+    OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuite, "file", test_info.file(), kIndent);
+    OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuite, "line", test_info.line(), kIndent, false);
+    *stream << "\n" << Indent(8) << "}";
+    return;
+  }
+
+  OutputJsonKey(
+      stream, kTestsuite, "status",
+      result.Skipped() ? "SKIPPED" : test_info.should_run() ? "RUN" : "NOTRUN",
+      kIndent);
+  OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuite, "time",
+                FormatTimeInMillisAsDuration(result.elapsed_time()), kIndent);
+  OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuite, "classname", test_suite_name, kIndent,
+                false);
+  *stream << TestPropertiesAsJson(result, kIndent);
+
+  int failures = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < result.total_part_count(); ++i) {
+    const TestPartResult& part = result.GetTestPartResult(i);
+    if (part.failed()) {
+      *stream << ",\n";
+      if (++failures == 1) {
+        *stream << kIndent << "\"" << "failures" << "\": [\n";
+      }
+      const std::string location =
+          internal::FormatCompilerIndependentFileLocation(part.file_name(),
+                                                          part.line_number());
+      const std::string message = EscapeJson(location + "\n" + part.message());
+      *stream << kIndent << "  {\n"
+              << kIndent << "    \"failure\": \"" << message << "\",\n"
+              << kIndent << "    \"type\": \"\"\n"
+              << kIndent << "  }";
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (failures > 0)
+    *stream << "\n" << kIndent << "]";
+  *stream << "\n" << Indent(8) << "}";
+}
+
+// Prints an JSON representation of a TestSuite object
+void JsonUnitTestResultPrinter::PrintJsonTestSuite(
+    std::ostream* stream, const TestSuite& test_suite) {
+  const std::string kTestsuite = "testsuite";
+  const std::string kIndent = Indent(6);
+
+  *stream << Indent(4) << "{\n";
+  OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuite, "name", test_suite.name(), kIndent);
+  OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuite, "tests", test_suite.reportable_test_count(),
+                kIndent);
+  if (!GTEST_FLAG(list_tests)) {
+    OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuite, "failures",
+                  test_suite.failed_test_count(), kIndent);
+    OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuite, "disabled",
+                  test_suite.reportable_disabled_test_count(), kIndent);
+    OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuite, "errors", 0, kIndent);
+    OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuite, "time",
+                  FormatTimeInMillisAsDuration(test_suite.elapsed_time()),
+                  kIndent, false);
+    *stream << TestPropertiesAsJson(test_suite.ad_hoc_test_result(), kIndent)
+            << ",\n";
+  }
+
+  *stream << kIndent << "\"" << kTestsuite << "\": [\n";
+
+  bool comma = false;
+  for (int i = 0; i < test_suite.total_test_count(); ++i) {
+    if (test_suite.GetTestInfo(i)->is_reportable()) {
+      if (comma) {
+        *stream << ",\n";
+      } else {
+        comma = true;
+      }
+      OutputJsonTestInfo(stream, test_suite.name(), *test_suite.GetTestInfo(i));
+    }
+  }
+  *stream << "\n" << kIndent << "]\n" << Indent(4) << "}";
+}
+
+// Prints a JSON summary of unit_test to output stream out.
+void JsonUnitTestResultPrinter::PrintJsonUnitTest(std::ostream* stream,
+                                                  const UnitTest& unit_test) {
+  const std::string kTestsuites = "testsuites";
+  const std::string kIndent = Indent(2);
+  *stream << "{\n";
+
+  OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuites, "tests", unit_test.reportable_test_count(),
+                kIndent);
+  OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuites, "failures", unit_test.failed_test_count(),
+                kIndent);
+  OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuites, "disabled",
+                unit_test.reportable_disabled_test_count(), kIndent);
+  OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuites, "errors", 0, kIndent);
+  if (GTEST_FLAG(shuffle)) {
+    OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuites, "random_seed", unit_test.random_seed(),
+                  kIndent);
+  }
+  OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuites, "timestamp",
+                FormatEpochTimeInMillisAsRFC3339(unit_test.start_timestamp()),
+                kIndent);
+  OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuites, "time",
+                FormatTimeInMillisAsDuration(unit_test.elapsed_time()), kIndent,
+                false);
+
+  *stream << TestPropertiesAsJson(unit_test.ad_hoc_test_result(), kIndent)
+          << ",\n";
+
+  OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuites, "name", "AllTests", kIndent);
+  *stream << kIndent << "\"" << kTestsuites << "\": [\n";
+
+  bool comma = false;
+  for (int i = 0; i < unit_test.total_test_suite_count(); ++i) {
+    if (unit_test.GetTestSuite(i)->reportable_test_count() > 0) {
+      if (comma) {
+        *stream << ",\n";
+      } else {
+        comma = true;
+      }
+      PrintJsonTestSuite(stream, *unit_test.GetTestSuite(i));
+    }
+  }
+
+  *stream << "\n" << kIndent << "]\n" << "}\n";
+}
+
+void JsonUnitTestResultPrinter::PrintJsonTestList(
+    std::ostream* stream, const std::vector<TestSuite*>& test_suites) {
+  const std::string kTestsuites = "testsuites";
+  const std::string kIndent = Indent(2);
+  *stream << "{\n";
+  int total_tests = 0;
+  for (auto test_suite : test_suites) {
+    total_tests += test_suite->total_test_count();
+  }
+  OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuites, "tests", total_tests, kIndent);
+
+  OutputJsonKey(stream, kTestsuites, "name", "AllTests", kIndent);
+  *stream << kIndent << "\"" << kTestsuites << "\": [\n";
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < test_suites.size(); ++i) {
+    if (i != 0) {
+      *stream << ",\n";
+    }
+    PrintJsonTestSuite(stream, *test_suites[i]);
+  }
+
+  *stream << "\n"
+          << kIndent << "]\n"
+          << "}\n";
+}
+// Produces a string representing the test properties in a result as
+// a JSON dictionary.
+std::string JsonUnitTestResultPrinter::TestPropertiesAsJson(
+    const TestResult& result, const std::string& indent) {
+  Message attributes;
+  for (int i = 0; i < result.test_property_count(); ++i) {
+    const TestProperty& property = result.GetTestProperty(i);
+    attributes << ",\n" << indent << "\"" << property.key() << "\": "
+               << "\"" << EscapeJson(property.value()) << "\"";
+  }
+  return attributes.GetString();
+}
+
+// End JsonUnitTestResultPrinter
+
 #if GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
 
 // Checks if str contains '=', '&', '%' or '\n' characters. If yes,
@@ -5206,8 +5765,8 @@
 // example, replaces "=" with "%3D".  This algorithm is O(strlen(str))
 // in both time and space -- important as the input str may contain an
 // arbitrarily long test failure message and stack trace.
-string StreamingListener::UrlEncode(const char* str) {
-  string result;
+std::string StreamingListener::UrlEncode(const char* str) {
+  std::string result;
   result.reserve(strlen(str) + 1);
   for (char ch = *str; ch != '\0'; ch = *++str) {
     switch (ch) {
@@ -5233,7 +5792,7 @@
   memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
   hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;    // To allow both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
   hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
-  addrinfo* servinfo = NULL;
+  addrinfo* servinfo = nullptr;
 
   // Use the getaddrinfo() to get a linked list of IP addresses for
   // the given host name.
@@ -5245,7 +5804,7 @@
   }
 
   // Loop through all the results and connect to the first we can.
-  for (addrinfo* cur_addr = servinfo; sockfd_ == -1 && cur_addr != NULL;
+  for (addrinfo* cur_addr = servinfo; sockfd_ == -1 && cur_addr != nullptr;
        cur_addr = cur_addr->ai_next) {
     sockfd_ = socket(
         cur_addr->ai_family, cur_addr->ai_socktype, cur_addr->ai_protocol);
@@ -5269,47 +5828,82 @@
 // End of class Streaming Listener
 #endif  // GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS__
 
-// Class ScopedTrace
-
-// Pushes the given source file location and message onto a per-thread
-// trace stack maintained by Google Test.
-ScopedTrace::ScopedTrace(const char* file, int line, const Message& message)
-    GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(&UnitTest::mutex_) {
-  TraceInfo trace;
-  trace.file = file;
-  trace.line = line;
-  trace.message = message.GetString();
-
-  UnitTest::GetInstance()->PushGTestTrace(trace);
-}
-
-// Pops the info pushed by the c'tor.
-ScopedTrace::~ScopedTrace()
-    GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(&UnitTest::mutex_) {
-  UnitTest::GetInstance()->PopGTestTrace();
-}
-
-
 // class OsStackTraceGetter
 
 const char* const OsStackTraceGetterInterface::kElidedFramesMarker =
     "... " GTEST_NAME_ " internal frames ...";
 
-string OsStackTraceGetter::CurrentStackTrace(int /*max_depth*/,
-                                             int /*skip_count*/) {
+std::string OsStackTraceGetter::CurrentStackTrace(int max_depth, int skip_count)
+    GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(mutex_) {
+#if GTEST_HAS_ABSL
+  std::string result;
+
+  if (max_depth <= 0) {
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  max_depth = std::min(max_depth, kMaxStackTraceDepth);
+
+  std::vector<void*> raw_stack(max_depth);
+  // Skips the frames requested by the caller, plus this function.
+  const int raw_stack_size =
+      absl::GetStackTrace(&raw_stack[0], max_depth, skip_count + 1);
+
+  void* caller_frame = nullptr;
+  {
+    MutexLock lock(&mutex_);
+    caller_frame = caller_frame_;
+  }
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < raw_stack_size; ++i) {
+    if (raw_stack[i] == caller_frame &&
+        !GTEST_FLAG(show_internal_stack_frames)) {
+      // Add a marker to the trace and stop adding frames.
+      absl::StrAppend(&result, kElidedFramesMarker, "\n");
+      break;
+    }
+
+    char tmp[1024];
+    const char* symbol = "(unknown)";
+    if (absl::Symbolize(raw_stack[i], tmp, sizeof(tmp))) {
+      symbol = tmp;
+    }
+
+    char line[1024];
+    snprintf(line, sizeof(line), "  %p: %s\n", raw_stack[i], symbol);
+    result += line;
+  }
+
+  return result;
+
+#else  // !GTEST_HAS_ABSL
+  static_cast<void>(max_depth);
+  static_cast<void>(skip_count);
   return "";
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_ABSL
 }
 
-void OsStackTraceGetter::UponLeavingGTest() {}
+void OsStackTraceGetter::UponLeavingGTest() GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(mutex_) {
+#if GTEST_HAS_ABSL
+  void* caller_frame = nullptr;
+  if (absl::GetStackTrace(&caller_frame, 1, 3) <= 0) {
+    caller_frame = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  MutexLock lock(&mutex_);
+  caller_frame_ = caller_frame;
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_ABSL
+}
 
 // A helper class that creates the premature-exit file in its
 // constructor and deletes the file in its destructor.
 class ScopedPrematureExitFile {
  public:
   explicit ScopedPrematureExitFile(const char* premature_exit_filepath)
-      : premature_exit_filepath_(premature_exit_filepath) {
+      : premature_exit_filepath_(premature_exit_filepath ?
+                                 premature_exit_filepath : "") {
     // If a path to the premature-exit file is specified...
-    if (premature_exit_filepath != NULL && *premature_exit_filepath != '\0') {
+    if (!premature_exit_filepath_.empty()) {
       // create the file with a single "0" character in it.  I/O
       // errors are ignored as there's nothing better we can do and we
       // don't want to fail the test because of this.
@@ -5320,13 +5914,18 @@
   }
 
   ~ScopedPrematureExitFile() {
-    if (premature_exit_filepath_ != NULL && *premature_exit_filepath_ != '\0') {
-      remove(premature_exit_filepath_);
+    if (!premature_exit_filepath_.empty()) {
+      int retval = remove(premature_exit_filepath_.c_str());
+      if (retval) {
+        GTEST_LOG_(ERROR) << "Failed to remove premature exit filepath \""
+                          << premature_exit_filepath_ << "\" with error "
+                          << retval;
+      }
     }
   }
 
  private:
-  const char* const premature_exit_filepath_;
+  const std::string premature_exit_filepath_;
 
   GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(ScopedPrematureExitFile);
 };
@@ -5337,9 +5936,8 @@
 
 TestEventListeners::TestEventListeners()
     : repeater_(new internal::TestEventRepeater()),
-      default_result_printer_(NULL),
-      default_xml_generator_(NULL) {
-}
+      default_result_printer_(nullptr),
+      default_xml_generator_(nullptr) {}
 
 TestEventListeners::~TestEventListeners() { delete repeater_; }
 
@@ -5356,9 +5954,9 @@
 // NULL if the listener is not found in the list.
 TestEventListener* TestEventListeners::Release(TestEventListener* listener) {
   if (listener == default_result_printer_)
-    default_result_printer_ = NULL;
+    default_result_printer_ = nullptr;
   else if (listener == default_xml_generator_)
-    default_xml_generator_ = NULL;
+    default_xml_generator_ = nullptr;
   return repeater_->Release(listener);
 }
 
@@ -5377,8 +5975,7 @@
     // list.
     delete Release(default_result_printer_);
     default_result_printer_ = listener;
-    if (listener != NULL)
-      Append(listener);
+    if (listener != nullptr) Append(listener);
   }
 }
 
@@ -5393,8 +5990,7 @@
     // list.
     delete Release(default_xml_generator_);
     default_xml_generator_ = listener;
-    if (listener != NULL)
-      Append(listener);
+    if (listener != nullptr) Append(listener);
   }
 }
 
@@ -5418,52 +6014,66 @@
 // call this before main() starts, from which point on the return
 // value will never change.
 UnitTest* UnitTest::GetInstance() {
-  // When compiled with MSVC 7.1 in optimized mode, destroying the
-  // UnitTest object upon exiting the program messes up the exit code,
-  // causing successful tests to appear failed.  We have to use a
-  // different implementation in this case to bypass the compiler bug.
-  // This implementation makes the compiler happy, at the cost of
-  // leaking the UnitTest object.
-
   // CodeGear C++Builder insists on a public destructor for the
   // default implementation.  Use this implementation to keep good OO
   // design with private destructor.
 
-#if (_MSC_VER == 1310 && !defined(_DEBUG)) || defined(__BORLANDC__)
+#if defined(__BORLANDC__)
   static UnitTest* const instance = new UnitTest;
   return instance;
 #else
   static UnitTest instance;
   return &instance;
-#endif  // (_MSC_VER == 1310 && !defined(_DEBUG)) || defined(__BORLANDC__)
+#endif  // defined(__BORLANDC__)
 }
 
-// Gets the number of successful test cases.
-int UnitTest::successful_test_case_count() const {
-  return impl()->successful_test_case_count();
+// Gets the number of successful test suites.
+int UnitTest::successful_test_suite_count() const {
+  return impl()->successful_test_suite_count();
 }
 
-// Gets the number of failed test cases.
-int UnitTest::failed_test_case_count() const {
-  return impl()->failed_test_case_count();
+// Gets the number of failed test suites.
+int UnitTest::failed_test_suite_count() const {
+  return impl()->failed_test_suite_count();
 }
 
-// Gets the number of all test cases.
-int UnitTest::total_test_case_count() const {
-  return impl()->total_test_case_count();
+// Gets the number of all test suites.
+int UnitTest::total_test_suite_count() const {
+  return impl()->total_test_suite_count();
 }
 
-// Gets the number of all test cases that contain at least one test
+// Gets the number of all test suites that contain at least one test
 // that should run.
-int UnitTest::test_case_to_run_count() const {
-  return impl()->test_case_to_run_count();
+int UnitTest::test_suite_to_run_count() const {
+  return impl()->test_suite_to_run_count();
 }
 
+//  Legacy API is deprecated but still available
+#ifndef GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI_
+int UnitTest::successful_test_case_count() const {
+  return impl()->successful_test_suite_count();
+}
+int UnitTest::failed_test_case_count() const {
+  return impl()->failed_test_suite_count();
+}
+int UnitTest::total_test_case_count() const {
+  return impl()->total_test_suite_count();
+}
+int UnitTest::test_case_to_run_count() const {
+  return impl()->test_suite_to_run_count();
+}
+#endif  //  GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI_
+
 // Gets the number of successful tests.
 int UnitTest::successful_test_count() const {
   return impl()->successful_test_count();
 }
 
+// Gets the number of skipped tests.
+int UnitTest::skipped_test_count() const {
+  return impl()->skipped_test_count();
+}
+
 // Gets the number of failed tests.
 int UnitTest::failed_test_count() const { return impl()->failed_test_count(); }
 
@@ -5499,29 +6109,36 @@
   return impl()->elapsed_time();
 }
 
-// Returns true iff the unit test passed (i.e. all test cases passed).
+// Returns true iff the unit test passed (i.e. all test suites passed).
 bool UnitTest::Passed() const { return impl()->Passed(); }
 
-// Returns true iff the unit test failed (i.e. some test case failed
+// Returns true iff the unit test failed (i.e. some test suite failed
 // or something outside of all tests failed).
 bool UnitTest::Failed() const { return impl()->Failed(); }
 
-// Gets the i-th test case among all the test cases. i can range from 0 to
-// total_test_case_count() - 1. If i is not in that range, returns NULL.
+// Gets the i-th test suite among all the test suites. i can range from 0 to
+// total_test_suite_count() - 1. If i is not in that range, returns NULL.
+const TestSuite* UnitTest::GetTestSuite(int i) const {
+  return impl()->GetTestSuite(i);
+}
+
+//  Legacy API is deprecated but still available
+#ifndef GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI_
 const TestCase* UnitTest::GetTestCase(int i) const {
   return impl()->GetTestCase(i);
 }
+#endif  //  GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI_
 
 // Returns the TestResult containing information on test failures and
-// properties logged outside of individual test cases.
+// properties logged outside of individual test suites.
 const TestResult& UnitTest::ad_hoc_test_result() const {
   return *impl()->ad_hoc_test_result();
 }
 
-// Gets the i-th test case among all the test cases. i can range from 0 to
-// total_test_case_count() - 1. If i is not in that range, returns NULL.
-TestCase* UnitTest::GetMutableTestCase(int i) {
-  return impl()->GetMutableTestCase(i);
+// Gets the i-th test suite among all the test suites. i can range from 0 to
+// total_test_suite_count() - 1. If i is not in that range, returns NULL.
+TestSuite* UnitTest::GetMutableTestSuite(int i) {
+  return impl()->GetMutableSuiteCase(i);
 }
 
 // Returns the list of event listeners that can be used to track events
@@ -5541,8 +6158,8 @@
 // We don't protect this under mutex_, as we only support calling it
 // from the main thread.
 Environment* UnitTest::AddEnvironment(Environment* env) {
-  if (env == NULL) {
-    return NULL;
+  if (env == nullptr) {
+    return nullptr;
   }
 
   impl_->environments().push_back(env);
@@ -5574,17 +6191,17 @@
     }
   }
 
-  if (os_stack_trace.c_str() != NULL && !os_stack_trace.empty()) {
+  if (os_stack_trace.c_str() != nullptr && !os_stack_trace.empty()) {
     msg << internal::kStackTraceMarker << os_stack_trace;
   }
 
-  const TestPartResult result =
-    TestPartResult(result_type, file_name, line_number,
-                   msg.GetString().c_str());
+  const TestPartResult result = TestPartResult(
+      result_type, file_name, line_number, msg.GetString().c_str());
   impl_->GetTestPartResultReporterForCurrentThread()->
       ReportTestPartResult(result);
 
-  if (result_type != TestPartResult::kSuccess) {
+  if (result_type != TestPartResult::kSuccess &&
+      result_type != TestPartResult::kSkip) {
     // gtest_break_on_failure takes precedence over
     // gtest_throw_on_failure.  This allows a user to set the latter
     // in the code (perhaps in order to use Google Test assertions
@@ -5596,12 +6213,16 @@
       // when a failure happens and both the --gtest_break_on_failure and
       // the --gtest_catch_exceptions flags are specified.
       DebugBreak();
+#elif (!defined(__native_client__)) &&            \
+    ((defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__)) && \
+     (defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__i386__)))
+      // with clang/gcc we can achieve the same effect on x86 by invoking int3
+      asm("int3");
 #else
-      // Dereference NULL through a volatile pointer to prevent the compiler
+      // Dereference nullptr through a volatile pointer to prevent the compiler
       // from removing. We use this rather than abort() or __builtin_trap() for
-      // portability: Symbian doesn't implement abort() well, and some debuggers
-      // don't correctly trap abort().
-      *static_cast<volatile int*>(NULL) = 1;
+      // portability: some debuggers don't correctly trap abort().
+      *static_cast<volatile int*>(nullptr) = 1;
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
     } else if (GTEST_FLAG(throw_on_failure)) {
 #if GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
@@ -5616,8 +6237,8 @@
 }
 
 // Adds a TestProperty to the current TestResult object when invoked from
-// inside a test, to current TestCase's ad_hoc_test_result_ when invoked
-// from SetUpTestCase or TearDownTestCase, or to the global property set
+// inside a test, to current TestSuite's ad_hoc_test_result_ when invoked
+// from SetUpTestSuite or TearDownTestSuite, or to the global property set
 // when invoked elsewhere.  If the result already contains a property with
 // the same key, the value will be updated.
 void UnitTest::RecordProperty(const std::string& key,
@@ -5656,14 +6277,15 @@
   // that understands the premature-exit-file protocol to report the
   // test as having failed.
   const internal::ScopedPrematureExitFile premature_exit_file(
-      in_death_test_child_process ?
-      NULL : internal::posix::GetEnv("TEST_PREMATURE_EXIT_FILE"));
+      in_death_test_child_process
+          ? nullptr
+          : internal::posix::GetEnv("TEST_PREMATURE_EXIT_FILE"));
 
   // Captures the value of GTEST_FLAG(catch_exceptions).  This value will be
   // used for the duration of the program.
   impl()->set_catch_exceptions(GTEST_FLAG(catch_exceptions));
 
-#if GTEST_HAS_SEH
+#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
   // Either the user wants Google Test to catch exceptions thrown by the
   // tests or this is executing in the context of death test child
   // process. In either case the user does not want to see pop-up dialogs
@@ -5682,25 +6304,19 @@
     _set_error_mode(_OUT_TO_STDERR);
 # endif
 
-# if _MSC_VER >= 1400 && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
+# if defined(_MSC_VER) && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
     // In the debug version, Visual Studio pops up a separate dialog
     // offering a choice to debug the aborted program. We need to suppress
     // this dialog or it will pop up for every EXPECT/ASSERT_DEATH statement
     // executed. Google Test will notify the user of any unexpected
     // failure via stderr.
-    //
-    // VC++ doesn't define _set_abort_behavior() prior to the version 8.0.
-    // Users of prior VC versions shall suffer the agony and pain of
-    // clicking through the countless debug dialogs.
-    // TODO(vladl@google.com): find a way to suppress the abort dialog() in the
-    // debug mode when compiled with VC 7.1 or lower.
     if (!GTEST_FLAG(break_on_failure))
       _set_abort_behavior(
           0x0,                                    // Clear the following flags:
           _WRITE_ABORT_MSG | _CALL_REPORTFAULT);  // pop-up window, core dump.
 # endif
   }
-#endif  // GTEST_HAS_SEH
+#endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
   return internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(
       impl(),
@@ -5714,13 +6330,22 @@
   return impl_->original_working_dir_.c_str();
 }
 
-// Returns the TestCase object for the test that's currently running,
+// Returns the TestSuite object for the test that's currently running,
 // or NULL if no test is running.
+const TestSuite* UnitTest::current_test_suite() const
+    GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(mutex_) {
+  internal::MutexLock lock(&mutex_);
+  return impl_->current_test_suite();
+}
+
+// Legacy API is still available but deprecated
+#ifndef GTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI_
 const TestCase* UnitTest::current_test_case() const
     GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(mutex_) {
   internal::MutexLock lock(&mutex_);
-  return impl_->current_test_case();
+  return impl_->current_test_suite();
 }
+#endif
 
 // Returns the TestInfo object for the test that's currently running,
 // or NULL if no test is running.
@@ -5733,15 +6358,12 @@
 // Returns the random seed used at the start of the current test run.
 int UnitTest::random_seed() const { return impl_->random_seed(); }
 
-#if GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
-// Returns ParameterizedTestCaseRegistry object used to keep track of
+// Returns ParameterizedTestSuiteRegistry object used to keep track of
 // value-parameterized tests and instantiate and register them.
-internal::ParameterizedTestCaseRegistry&
-    UnitTest::parameterized_test_registry()
-        GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(mutex_) {
+internal::ParameterizedTestSuiteRegistry&
+UnitTest::parameterized_test_registry() GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(mutex_) {
   return impl_->parameterized_test_registry();
 }
-#endif  // GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
 
 // Creates an empty UnitTest.
 UnitTest::UnitTest() {
@@ -5773,25 +6395,22 @@
 UnitTestImpl::UnitTestImpl(UnitTest* parent)
     : parent_(parent),
       GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_PUSH_(4355 /* using this in initializer */)
-      default_global_test_part_result_reporter_(this),
+          default_global_test_part_result_reporter_(this),
       default_per_thread_test_part_result_reporter_(this),
-      GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_POP_()
-      global_test_part_result_repoter_(
+      GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_POP_() global_test_part_result_repoter_(
           &default_global_test_part_result_reporter_),
       per_thread_test_part_result_reporter_(
           &default_per_thread_test_part_result_reporter_),
-#if GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
       parameterized_test_registry_(),
       parameterized_tests_registered_(false),
-#endif  // GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
-      last_death_test_case_(-1),
-      current_test_case_(NULL),
-      current_test_info_(NULL),
+      last_death_test_suite_(-1),
+      current_test_suite_(nullptr),
+      current_test_info_(nullptr),
       ad_hoc_test_result_(),
-      os_stack_trace_getter_(NULL),
+      os_stack_trace_getter_(nullptr),
       post_flag_parse_init_performed_(false),
       random_seed_(0),  // Will be overridden by the flag before first use.
-      random_(0),  // Will be reseeded before first use.
+      random_(0),       // Will be reseeded before first use.
       start_timestamp_(0),
       elapsed_time_(0),
 #if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
@@ -5803,8 +6422,8 @@
 }
 
 UnitTestImpl::~UnitTestImpl() {
-  // Deletes every TestCase.
-  ForEach(test_cases_, internal::Delete<TestCase>);
+  // Deletes every TestSuite.
+  ForEach(test_suites_, internal::Delete<TestSuite>);
 
   // Deletes every Environment.
   ForEach(environments_, internal::Delete<Environment>);
@@ -5813,20 +6432,20 @@
 }
 
 // Adds a TestProperty to the current TestResult object when invoked in a
-// context of a test, to current test case's ad_hoc_test_result when invoke
-// from SetUpTestCase/TearDownTestCase, or to the global property set
+// context of a test, to current test suite's ad_hoc_test_result when invoke
+// from SetUpTestSuite/TearDownTestSuite, or to the global property set
 // otherwise.  If the result already contains a property with the same key,
 // the value will be updated.
 void UnitTestImpl::RecordProperty(const TestProperty& test_property) {
   std::string xml_element;
   TestResult* test_result;  // TestResult appropriate for property recording.
 
-  if (current_test_info_ != NULL) {
+  if (current_test_info_ != nullptr) {
     xml_element = "testcase";
     test_result = &(current_test_info_->result_);
-  } else if (current_test_case_ != NULL) {
+  } else if (current_test_suite_ != nullptr) {
     xml_element = "testsuite";
-    test_result = &(current_test_case_->ad_hoc_test_result_);
+    test_result = &(current_test_suite_->ad_hoc_test_result_);
   } else {
     xml_element = "testsuites";
     test_result = &ad_hoc_test_result_;
@@ -5838,7 +6457,7 @@
 // Disables event forwarding if the control is currently in a death test
 // subprocess. Must not be called before InitGoogleTest.
 void UnitTestImpl::SuppressTestEventsIfInSubprocess() {
-  if (internal_run_death_test_flag_.get() != NULL)
+  if (internal_run_death_test_flag_.get() != nullptr)
     listeners()->SuppressEventForwarding();
 }
 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
@@ -5850,10 +6469,12 @@
   if (output_format == "xml") {
     listeners()->SetDefaultXmlGenerator(new XmlUnitTestResultPrinter(
         UnitTestOptions::GetAbsolutePathToOutputFile().c_str()));
+  } else if (output_format == "json") {
+    listeners()->SetDefaultXmlGenerator(new JsonUnitTestResultPrinter(
+        UnitTestOptions::GetAbsolutePathToOutputFile().c_str()));
   } else if (output_format != "") {
-    printf("WARNING: unrecognized output format \"%s\" ignored.\n",
-           output_format.c_str());
-    fflush(stdout);
+    GTEST_LOG_(WARNING) << "WARNING: unrecognized output format \""
+                        << output_format << "\" ignored.";
   }
 }
 
@@ -5868,9 +6489,8 @@
       listeners()->Append(new StreamingListener(target.substr(0, pos),
                                                 target.substr(pos+1)));
     } else {
-      printf("WARNING: unrecognized streaming target \"%s\" ignored.\n",
-             target.c_str());
-      fflush(stdout);
+      GTEST_LOG_(WARNING) << "unrecognized streaming target \"" << target
+                          << "\" ignored.";
     }
   }
 }
@@ -5909,77 +6529,83 @@
     // Configures listeners for streaming test results to the specified server.
     ConfigureStreamingOutput();
 #endif  // GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_ABSL
+    if (GTEST_FLAG(install_failure_signal_handler)) {
+      absl::FailureSignalHandlerOptions options;
+      absl::InstallFailureSignalHandler(options);
+    }
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_ABSL
   }
 }
 
-// A predicate that checks the name of a TestCase against a known
+// A predicate that checks the name of a TestSuite against a known
 // value.
 //
 // This is used for implementation of the UnitTest class only.  We put
 // it in the anonymous namespace to prevent polluting the outer
 // namespace.
 //
-// TestCaseNameIs is copyable.
-class TestCaseNameIs {
+// TestSuiteNameIs is copyable.
+class TestSuiteNameIs {
  public:
   // Constructor.
-  explicit TestCaseNameIs(const std::string& name)
-      : name_(name) {}
+  explicit TestSuiteNameIs(const std::string& name) : name_(name) {}
 
-  // Returns true iff the name of test_case matches name_.
-  bool operator()(const TestCase* test_case) const {
-    return test_case != NULL && strcmp(test_case->name(), name_.c_str()) == 0;
+  // Returns true iff the name of test_suite matches name_.
+  bool operator()(const TestSuite* test_suite) const {
+    return test_suite != nullptr &&
+           strcmp(test_suite->name(), name_.c_str()) == 0;
   }
 
  private:
   std::string name_;
 };
 
-// Finds and returns a TestCase with the given name.  If one doesn't
+// Finds and returns a TestSuite with the given name.  If one doesn't
 // exist, creates one and returns it.  It's the CALLER'S
 // RESPONSIBILITY to ensure that this function is only called WHEN THE
 // TESTS ARE NOT SHUFFLED.
 //
 // Arguments:
 //
-//   test_case_name: name of the test case
-//   type_param:     the name of the test case's type parameter, or NULL if
-//                   this is not a typed or a type-parameterized test case.
-//   set_up_tc:      pointer to the function that sets up the test case
-//   tear_down_tc:   pointer to the function that tears down the test case
-TestCase* UnitTestImpl::GetTestCase(const char* test_case_name,
-                                    const char* type_param,
-                                    Test::SetUpTestCaseFunc set_up_tc,
-                                    Test::TearDownTestCaseFunc tear_down_tc) {
-  // Can we find a TestCase with the given name?
-  const std::vector<TestCase*>::const_iterator test_case =
-      std::find_if(test_cases_.begin(), test_cases_.end(),
-                   TestCaseNameIs(test_case_name));
+//   test_suite_name: name of the test suite
+//   type_param:     the name of the test suite's type parameter, or NULL if
+//                   this is not a typed or a type-parameterized test suite.
+//   set_up_tc:      pointer to the function that sets up the test suite
+//   tear_down_tc:   pointer to the function that tears down the test suite
+TestSuite* UnitTestImpl::GetTestSuite(
+    const char* test_suite_name, const char* type_param,
+    internal::SetUpTestSuiteFunc set_up_tc,
+    internal::TearDownTestSuiteFunc tear_down_tc) {
+  // Can we find a TestSuite with the given name?
+  const auto test_suite =
+      std::find_if(test_suites_.rbegin(), test_suites_.rend(),
+                   TestSuiteNameIs(test_suite_name));
 
-  if (test_case != test_cases_.end())
-    return *test_case;
+  if (test_suite != test_suites_.rend()) return *test_suite;
 
   // No.  Let's create one.
-  TestCase* const new_test_case =
-      new TestCase(test_case_name, type_param, set_up_tc, tear_down_tc);
+  auto* const new_test_suite =
+      new TestSuite(test_suite_name, type_param, set_up_tc, tear_down_tc);
 
-  // Is this a death test case?
-  if (internal::UnitTestOptions::MatchesFilter(test_case_name,
-                                               kDeathTestCaseFilter)) {
-    // Yes.  Inserts the test case after the last death test case
-    // defined so far.  This only works when the test cases haven't
+  // Is this a death test suite?
+  if (internal::UnitTestOptions::MatchesFilter(test_suite_name,
+                                               kDeathTestSuiteFilter)) {
+    // Yes.  Inserts the test suite after the last death test suite
+    // defined so far.  This only works when the test suites haven't
     // been shuffled.  Otherwise we may end up running a death test
     // after a non-death test.
-    ++last_death_test_case_;
-    test_cases_.insert(test_cases_.begin() + last_death_test_case_,
-                       new_test_case);
+    ++last_death_test_suite_;
+    test_suites_.insert(test_suites_.begin() + last_death_test_suite_,
+                        new_test_suite);
   } else {
     // No.  Appends to the end of the list.
-    test_cases_.push_back(new_test_case);
+    test_suites_.push_back(new_test_suite);
   }
 
-  test_case_indices_.push_back(static_cast<int>(test_case_indices_.size()));
-  return new_test_case;
+  test_suite_indices_.push_back(static_cast<int>(test_suite_indices_.size()));
+  return new_test_suite;
 }
 
 // Helpers for setting up / tearing down the given environment.  They
@@ -5997,13 +6623,8 @@
 // All other functions called from RunAllTests() may safely assume that
 // parameterized tests are ready to be counted and run.
 bool UnitTestImpl::RunAllTests() {
-  // Makes sure InitGoogleTest() was called.
-  if (!GTestIsInitialized()) {
-    printf("%s",
-           "\nThis test program did NOT call ::testing::InitGoogleTest "
-           "before calling RUN_ALL_TESTS().  Please fix it.\n");
-    return false;
-  }
+  // True iff Google Test is initialized before RUN_ALL_TESTS() is called.
+  const bool gtest_is_initialized_before_run_all_tests = GTestIsInitialized();
 
   // Do not run any test if the --help flag was specified.
   if (g_help_flag)
@@ -6023,7 +6644,8 @@
   bool in_subprocess_for_death_test = false;
 
 #if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
-  in_subprocess_for_death_test = (internal_run_death_test_flag_.get() != NULL);
+  in_subprocess_for_death_test =
+      (internal_run_death_test_flag_.get() != nullptr);
 # if defined(GTEST_EXTRA_DEATH_TEST_CHILD_SETUP_)
   if (in_subprocess_for_death_test) {
     GTEST_EXTRA_DEATH_TEST_CHILD_SETUP_();
@@ -6070,7 +6692,7 @@
 
     const TimeInMillis start = GetTimeInMillis();
 
-    // Shuffles test cases and tests if requested.
+    // Shuffles test suites and tests if requested.
     if (has_tests_to_run && GTEST_FLAG(shuffle)) {
       random()->Reseed(random_seed_);
       // This should be done before calling OnTestIterationStart(),
@@ -6082,7 +6704,7 @@
     // Tells the unit test event listeners that the tests are about to start.
     repeater->OnTestIterationStart(*parent_, i);
 
-    // Runs each test case if there is at least one test to run.
+    // Runs each test suite if there is at least one test to run.
     if (has_tests_to_run) {
       // Sets up all environments beforehand.
       repeater->OnEnvironmentsSetUpStart(*parent_);
@@ -6092,9 +6714,9 @@
       // Runs the tests only if there was no fatal failure during global
       // set-up.
       if (!Test::HasFatalFailure()) {
-        for (int test_index = 0; test_index < total_test_case_count();
+        for (int test_index = 0; test_index < total_test_suite_count();
              test_index++) {
-          GetMutableTestCase(test_index)->Run();
+          GetMutableSuiteCase(test_index)->Run();
         }
       }
 
@@ -6131,6 +6753,20 @@
 
   repeater->OnTestProgramEnd(*parent_);
 
+  if (!gtest_is_initialized_before_run_all_tests) {
+    ColoredPrintf(
+        COLOR_RED,
+        "\nIMPORTANT NOTICE - DO NOT IGNORE:\n"
+        "This test program did NOT call " GTEST_INIT_GOOGLE_TEST_NAME_
+        "() before calling RUN_ALL_TESTS(). This is INVALID. Soon " GTEST_NAME_
+        " will start to enforce the valid usage. "
+        "Please fix it ASAP, or IT WILL START TO FAIL.\n");  // NOLINT
+#if GTEST_FOR_GOOGLE_
+    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_RED,
+                  "For more details, see http://wiki/Main/ValidGUnitMain.\n");
+#endif  // GTEST_FOR_GOOGLE_
+  }
+
   return !failed;
 }
 
@@ -6140,9 +6776,9 @@
 // be created, prints an error and exits.
 void WriteToShardStatusFileIfNeeded() {
   const char* const test_shard_file = posix::GetEnv(kTestShardStatusFile);
-  if (test_shard_file != NULL) {
+  if (test_shard_file != nullptr) {
     FILE* const file = posix::FOpen(test_shard_file, "w");
-    if (file == NULL) {
+    if (file == nullptr) {
       ColoredPrintf(COLOR_RED,
                     "Could not write to the test shard status file \"%s\" "
                     "specified by the %s environment variable.\n",
@@ -6177,7 +6813,7 @@
       << "Invalid environment variables: you have "
       << kTestShardIndex << " = " << shard_index
       << ", but have left " << kTestTotalShards << " unset.\n";
-    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_RED, msg.GetString().c_str());
+    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_RED, "%s", msg.GetString().c_str());
     fflush(stdout);
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   } else if (total_shards != -1 && shard_index == -1) {
@@ -6185,7 +6821,7 @@
       << "Invalid environment variables: you have "
       << kTestTotalShards << " = " << total_shards
       << ", but have left " << kTestShardIndex << " unset.\n";
-    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_RED, msg.GetString().c_str());
+    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_RED, "%s", msg.GetString().c_str());
     fflush(stdout);
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   } else if (shard_index < 0 || shard_index >= total_shards) {
@@ -6194,7 +6830,7 @@
       << kTestShardIndex << " < " << kTestTotalShards
       << ", but you have " << kTestShardIndex << "=" << shard_index
       << ", " << kTestTotalShards << "=" << total_shards << ".\n";
-    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_RED, msg.GetString().c_str());
+    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_RED, "%s", msg.GetString().c_str());
     fflush(stdout);
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }
@@ -6207,7 +6843,7 @@
 // and aborts.
 Int32 Int32FromEnvOrDie(const char* var, Int32 default_val) {
   const char* str_val = posix::GetEnv(var);
-  if (str_val == NULL) {
+  if (str_val == nullptr) {
     return default_val;
   }
 
@@ -6229,11 +6865,11 @@
 
 // Compares the name of each test with the user-specified filter to
 // decide whether the test should be run, then records the result in
-// each TestCase and TestInfo object.
+// each TestSuite and TestInfo object.
 // If shard_tests == true, further filters tests based on sharding
 // variables in the environment - see
-// http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/GoogleTestAdvancedGuide.
-// Returns the number of tests that should run.
+// https://github.com/google/googletest/blob/master/googletest/docs/advanced.md
+// . Returns the number of tests that should run.
 int UnitTestImpl::FilterTests(ReactionToSharding shard_tests) {
   const Int32 total_shards = shard_tests == HONOR_SHARDING_PROTOCOL ?
       Int32FromEnvOrDie(kTestTotalShards, -1) : -1;
@@ -6246,42 +6882,40 @@
   // this shard.
   int num_runnable_tests = 0;
   int num_selected_tests = 0;
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < test_cases_.size(); i++) {
-    TestCase* const test_case = test_cases_[i];
-    const std::string &test_case_name = test_case->name();
-    test_case->set_should_run(false);
+  for (auto* test_suite : test_suites_) {
+    const std::string& test_suite_name = test_suite->name();
+    test_suite->set_should_run(false);
 
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < test_case->test_info_list().size(); j++) {
-      TestInfo* const test_info = test_case->test_info_list()[j];
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < test_suite->test_info_list().size(); j++) {
+      TestInfo* const test_info = test_suite->test_info_list()[j];
       const std::string test_name(test_info->name());
-      // A test is disabled if test case name or test name matches
+      // A test is disabled if test suite name or test name matches
       // kDisableTestFilter.
-      const bool is_disabled =
-          internal::UnitTestOptions::MatchesFilter(test_case_name,
-                                                   kDisableTestFilter) ||
-          internal::UnitTestOptions::MatchesFilter(test_name,
-                                                   kDisableTestFilter);
+      const bool is_disabled = internal::UnitTestOptions::MatchesFilter(
+                                   test_suite_name, kDisableTestFilter) ||
+                               internal::UnitTestOptions::MatchesFilter(
+                                   test_name, kDisableTestFilter);
       test_info->is_disabled_ = is_disabled;
 
-      const bool matches_filter =
-          internal::UnitTestOptions::FilterMatchesTest(test_case_name,
-                                                       test_name);
+      const bool matches_filter = internal::UnitTestOptions::FilterMatchesTest(
+          test_suite_name, test_name);
       test_info->matches_filter_ = matches_filter;
 
       const bool is_runnable =
           (GTEST_FLAG(also_run_disabled_tests) || !is_disabled) &&
           matches_filter;
 
-      const bool is_selected = is_runnable &&
-          (shard_tests == IGNORE_SHARDING_PROTOCOL ||
-           ShouldRunTestOnShard(total_shards, shard_index,
-                                num_runnable_tests));
+      const bool is_in_another_shard =
+          shard_tests != IGNORE_SHARDING_PROTOCOL &&
+          !ShouldRunTestOnShard(total_shards, shard_index, num_runnable_tests);
+      test_info->is_in_another_shard_ = is_in_another_shard;
+      const bool is_selected = is_runnable && !is_in_another_shard;
 
       num_runnable_tests += is_runnable;
       num_selected_tests += is_selected;
 
       test_info->should_run_ = is_selected;
-      test_case->set_should_run(test_case->should_run() || is_selected);
+      test_suite->set_should_run(test_suite->should_run() || is_selected);
     }
   }
   return num_selected_tests;
@@ -6292,7 +6926,7 @@
 // max_length characters, only prints the first max_length characters
 // and "...".
 static void PrintOnOneLine(const char* str, int max_length) {
-  if (str != NULL) {
+  if (str != nullptr) {
     for (int i = 0; *str != '\0'; ++str) {
       if (i >= max_length) {
         printf("...");
@@ -6314,27 +6948,25 @@
   // Print at most this many characters for each type/value parameter.
   const int kMaxParamLength = 250;
 
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < test_cases_.size(); i++) {
-    const TestCase* const test_case = test_cases_[i];
-    bool printed_test_case_name = false;
+  for (auto* test_suite : test_suites_) {
+    bool printed_test_suite_name = false;
 
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < test_case->test_info_list().size(); j++) {
-      const TestInfo* const test_info =
-          test_case->test_info_list()[j];
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < test_suite->test_info_list().size(); j++) {
+      const TestInfo* const test_info = test_suite->test_info_list()[j];
       if (test_info->matches_filter_) {
-        if (!printed_test_case_name) {
-          printed_test_case_name = true;
-          printf("%s.", test_case->name());
-          if (test_case->type_param() != NULL) {
+        if (!printed_test_suite_name) {
+          printed_test_suite_name = true;
+          printf("%s.", test_suite->name());
+          if (test_suite->type_param() != nullptr) {
             printf("  # %s = ", kTypeParamLabel);
             // We print the type parameter on a single line to make
             // the output easy to parse by a program.
-            PrintOnOneLine(test_case->type_param(), kMaxParamLength);
+            PrintOnOneLine(test_suite->type_param(), kMaxParamLength);
           }
           printf("\n");
         }
         printf("  %s", test_info->name());
-        if (test_info->value_param() != NULL) {
+        if (test_info->value_param() != nullptr) {
           printf("  # %s = ", kValueParamLabel);
           // We print the value parameter on a single line to make the
           // output easy to parse by a program.
@@ -6345,6 +6977,23 @@
     }
   }
   fflush(stdout);
+  const std::string& output_format = UnitTestOptions::GetOutputFormat();
+  if (output_format == "xml" || output_format == "json") {
+    FILE* fileout = OpenFileForWriting(
+        UnitTestOptions::GetAbsolutePathToOutputFile().c_str());
+    std::stringstream stream;
+    if (output_format == "xml") {
+      XmlUnitTestResultPrinter(
+          UnitTestOptions::GetAbsolutePathToOutputFile().c_str())
+          .PrintXmlTestsList(&stream, test_suites_);
+    } else if (output_format == "json") {
+      JsonUnitTestResultPrinter(
+          UnitTestOptions::GetAbsolutePathToOutputFile().c_str())
+          .PrintJsonTestList(&stream, test_suites_);
+    }
+    fprintf(fileout, "%s", StringStreamToString(&stream).c_str());
+    fclose(fileout);
+  }
 }
 
 // Sets the OS stack trace getter.
@@ -6364,7 +7013,7 @@
 // otherwise, creates an OsStackTraceGetter, makes it the current
 // getter, and returns it.
 OsStackTraceGetterInterface* UnitTestImpl::os_stack_trace_getter() {
-  if (os_stack_trace_getter_ == NULL) {
+  if (os_stack_trace_getter_ == nullptr) {
 #ifdef GTEST_OS_STACK_TRACE_GETTER_
     os_stack_trace_getter_ = new GTEST_OS_STACK_TRACE_GETTER_;
 #else
@@ -6375,36 +7024,40 @@
   return os_stack_trace_getter_;
 }
 
-// Returns the TestResult for the test that's currently running, or
-// the TestResult for the ad hoc test if no test is running.
+// Returns the most specific TestResult currently running.
 TestResult* UnitTestImpl::current_test_result() {
-  return current_test_info_ ?
-      &(current_test_info_->result_) : &ad_hoc_test_result_;
+  if (current_test_info_ != nullptr) {
+    return &current_test_info_->result_;
+  }
+  if (current_test_suite_ != nullptr) {
+    return &current_test_suite_->ad_hoc_test_result_;
+  }
+  return &ad_hoc_test_result_;
 }
 
-// Shuffles all test cases, and the tests within each test case,
+// Shuffles all test suites, and the tests within each test suite,
 // making sure that death tests are still run first.
 void UnitTestImpl::ShuffleTests() {
-  // Shuffles the death test cases.
-  ShuffleRange(random(), 0, last_death_test_case_ + 1, &test_case_indices_);
+  // Shuffles the death test suites.
+  ShuffleRange(random(), 0, last_death_test_suite_ + 1, &test_suite_indices_);
 
-  // Shuffles the non-death test cases.
-  ShuffleRange(random(), last_death_test_case_ + 1,
-               static_cast<int>(test_cases_.size()), &test_case_indices_);
+  // Shuffles the non-death test suites.
+  ShuffleRange(random(), last_death_test_suite_ + 1,
+               static_cast<int>(test_suites_.size()), &test_suite_indices_);
 
-  // Shuffles the tests inside each test case.
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < test_cases_.size(); i++) {
-    test_cases_[i]->ShuffleTests(random());
+  // Shuffles the tests inside each test suite.
+  for (auto& test_suite : test_suites_) {
+    test_suite->ShuffleTests(random());
   }
 }
 
-// Restores the test cases and tests to their order before the first shuffle.
+// Restores the test suites and tests to their order before the first shuffle.
 void UnitTestImpl::UnshuffleTests() {
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < test_cases_.size(); i++) {
-    // Unshuffles the tests in each test case.
-    test_cases_[i]->UnshuffleTests();
-    // Resets the index of each test case.
-    test_case_indices_[i] = static_cast<int>(i);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < test_suites_.size(); i++) {
+    // Unshuffles the tests in each test suite.
+    test_suites_[i]->UnshuffleTests();
+    // Resets the index of each test suite.
+    test_suite_indices_[i] = static_cast<int>(i);
   }
 }
 
@@ -6460,16 +7113,15 @@
 // part can be omitted.
 //
 // Returns the value of the flag, or NULL if the parsing failed.
-const char* ParseFlagValue(const char* str,
-                           const char* flag,
-                           bool def_optional) {
+static const char* ParseFlagValue(const char* str, const char* flag,
+                                  bool def_optional) {
   // str and flag must not be NULL.
-  if (str == NULL || flag == NULL) return NULL;
+  if (str == nullptr || flag == nullptr) return nullptr;
 
   // The flag must start with "--" followed by GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_.
   const std::string flag_str = std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ + flag;
   const size_t flag_len = flag_str.length();
-  if (strncmp(str, flag_str.c_str(), flag_len) != 0) return NULL;
+  if (strncmp(str, flag_str.c_str(), flag_len) != 0) return nullptr;
 
   // Skips the flag name.
   const char* flag_end = str + flag_len;
@@ -6482,7 +7134,7 @@
   // If def_optional is true and there are more characters after the
   // flag name, or if def_optional is false, there must be a '=' after
   // the flag name.
-  if (flag_end[0] != '=') return NULL;
+  if (flag_end[0] != '=') return nullptr;
 
   // Returns the string after "=".
   return flag_end + 1;
@@ -6498,12 +7150,12 @@
 //
 // On success, stores the value of the flag in *value, and returns
 // true.  On failure, returns false without changing *value.
-bool ParseBoolFlag(const char* str, const char* flag, bool* value) {
+static bool ParseBoolFlag(const char* str, const char* flag, bool* value) {
   // Gets the value of the flag as a string.
   const char* const value_str = ParseFlagValue(str, flag, true);
 
   // Aborts if the parsing failed.
-  if (value_str == NULL) return false;
+  if (value_str == nullptr) return false;
 
   // Converts the string value to a bool.
   *value = !(*value_str == '0' || *value_str == 'f' || *value_str == 'F');
@@ -6520,7 +7172,7 @@
   const char* const value_str = ParseFlagValue(str, flag, false);
 
   // Aborts if the parsing failed.
-  if (value_str == NULL) return false;
+  if (value_str == nullptr) return false;
 
   // Sets *value to the value of the flag.
   return ParseInt32(Message() << "The value of flag --" << flag,
@@ -6532,12 +7184,13 @@
 //
 // On success, stores the value of the flag in *value, and returns
 // true.  On failure, returns false without changing *value.
-bool ParseStringFlag(const char* str, const char* flag, std::string* value) {
+template <typename String>
+static bool ParseStringFlag(const char* str, const char* flag, String* value) {
   // Gets the value of the flag as a string.
   const char* const value_str = ParseFlagValue(str, flag, false);
 
   // Aborts if the parsing failed.
-  if (value_str == NULL) return false;
+  if (value_str == nullptr) return false;
 
   // Sets *value to the value of the flag.
   *value = value_str;
@@ -6568,8 +7221,6 @@
 //   @Y    changes the color to yellow.
 //   @D    changes to the default terminal text color.
 //
-// TODO(wan@google.com): Write tests for this once we add stdout
-// capturing to Google Test.
 static void PrintColorEncoded(const char* str) {
   GTestColor color = COLOR_DEFAULT;  // The current color.
 
@@ -6579,7 +7230,7 @@
   // next segment.
   for (;;) {
     const char* p = strchr(str, '@');
-    if (p == NULL) {
+    if (p == nullptr) {
       ColoredPrintf(color, "%s", str);
       return;
     }
@@ -6634,24 +7285,25 @@
 "      Enable/disable colored output. The default is @Gauto@D.\n"
 "  -@G-" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "print_time=0@D\n"
 "      Don't print the elapsed time of each test.\n"
-"  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "output=xml@Y[@G:@YDIRECTORY_PATH@G"
+"  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "output=@Y(@Gjson@Y|@Gxml@Y)[@G:@YDIRECTORY_PATH@G"
     GTEST_PATH_SEP_ "@Y|@G:@YFILE_PATH]@D\n"
-"      Generate an XML report in the given directory or with the given file\n"
-"      name. @YFILE_PATH@D defaults to @Gtest_details.xml@D.\n"
-#if GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
+"      Generate a JSON or XML report in the given directory or with the given\n"
+"      file name. @YFILE_PATH@D defaults to @Gtest_detail.xml@D.\n"
+# if GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
 "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "stream_result_to=@YHOST@G:@YPORT@D\n"
 "      Stream test results to the given server.\n"
-#endif  // GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
+# endif  // GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
 "\n"
 "Assertion Behavior:\n"
-#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+# if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "death_test_style=@Y(@Gfast@Y|@Gthreadsafe@Y)@D\n"
 "      Set the default death test style.\n"
-#endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+# endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "break_on_failure@D\n"
 "      Turn assertion failures into debugger break-points.\n"
 "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "throw_on_failure@D\n"
-"      Turn assertion failures into C++ exceptions.\n"
+"      Turn assertion failures into C++ exceptions for use by an external\n"
+"      test framework.\n"
 "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "catch_exceptions=0@D\n"
 "      Do not report exceptions as test failures. Instead, allow them\n"
 "      to crash the program or throw a pop-up (on Windows).\n"
@@ -6668,7 +7320,7 @@
 "(not one in your own code or tests), please report it to\n"
 "@G<" GTEST_DEV_EMAIL_ ">@D.\n";
 
-bool ParseGoogleTestFlag(const char* const arg) {
+static bool ParseGoogleTestFlag(const char* const arg) {
   return ParseBoolFlag(arg, kAlsoRunDisabledTestsFlag,
                        &GTEST_FLAG(also_run_disabled_tests)) ||
       ParseBoolFlag(arg, kBreakOnFailureFlag,
@@ -6686,6 +7338,7 @@
       ParseBoolFlag(arg, kListTestsFlag, &GTEST_FLAG(list_tests)) ||
       ParseStringFlag(arg, kOutputFlag, &GTEST_FLAG(output)) ||
       ParseBoolFlag(arg, kPrintTimeFlag, &GTEST_FLAG(print_time)) ||
+      ParseBoolFlag(arg, kPrintUTF8Flag, &GTEST_FLAG(print_utf8)) ||
       ParseInt32Flag(arg, kRandomSeedFlag, &GTEST_FLAG(random_seed)) ||
       ParseInt32Flag(arg, kRepeatFlag, &GTEST_FLAG(repeat)) ||
       ParseBoolFlag(arg, kShuffleFlag, &GTEST_FLAG(shuffle)) ||
@@ -6698,14 +7351,11 @@
 }
 
 #if GTEST_USE_OWN_FLAGFILE_FLAG_
-void LoadFlagsFromFile(const std::string& path) {
+static void LoadFlagsFromFile(const std::string& path) {
   FILE* flagfile = posix::FOpen(path.c_str(), "r");
   if (!flagfile) {
-    fprintf(stderr,
-            "Unable to open file \"%s\"\n",
-            GTEST_FLAG(flagfile).c_str());
-    fflush(stderr);
-    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "Unable to open file \"" << GTEST_FLAG(flagfile)
+                      << "\"";
   }
   std::string contents(ReadEntireFile(flagfile));
   posix::FClose(flagfile);
@@ -6779,6 +7429,17 @@
 // other parts of Google Test.
 void ParseGoogleTestFlagsOnly(int* argc, char** argv) {
   ParseGoogleTestFlagsOnlyImpl(argc, argv);
+
+  // Fix the value of *_NSGetArgc() on macOS, but iff
+  // *_NSGetArgv() == argv
+  // Only applicable to char** version of argv
+#if GTEST_OS_MAC
+#ifndef GTEST_OS_IOS
+  if (*_NSGetArgv() == argv) {
+    *_NSGetArgc() = *argc;
+  }
+#endif
+#endif
 }
 void ParseGoogleTestFlagsOnly(int* argc, wchar_t** argv) {
   ParseGoogleTestFlagsOnlyImpl(argc, argv);
@@ -6800,6 +7461,10 @@
     g_argvs.push_back(StreamableToString(argv[i]));
   }
 
+#if GTEST_HAS_ABSL
+  absl::InitializeSymbolizer(g_argvs[0].c_str());
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_ABSL
+
   ParseGoogleTestFlagsOnly(argc, argv);
   GetUnitTestImpl()->PostFlagParsingInit();
 }
@@ -6833,6 +7498,63 @@
 #endif  // defined(GTEST_CUSTOM_INIT_GOOGLE_TEST_FUNCTION_)
 }
 
+// This overloaded version can be used on Arduino/embedded platforms where
+// there is no argc/argv.
+void InitGoogleTest() {
+  // Since Arduino doesn't have a command line, fake out the argc/argv arguments
+  int argc = 1;
+  const auto arg0 = "dummy";
+  char* argv0 = const_cast<char*>(arg0);
+  char** argv = &argv0;
+
+#if defined(GTEST_CUSTOM_INIT_GOOGLE_TEST_FUNCTION_)
+  GTEST_CUSTOM_INIT_GOOGLE_TEST_FUNCTION_(&argc, argv);
+#else  // defined(GTEST_CUSTOM_INIT_GOOGLE_TEST_FUNCTION_)
+  internal::InitGoogleTestImpl(&argc, argv);
+#endif  // defined(GTEST_CUSTOM_INIT_GOOGLE_TEST_FUNCTION_)
+}
+
+std::string TempDir() {
+#if defined(GTEST_CUSTOM_TEMPDIR_FUNCTION_)
+  return GTEST_CUSTOM_TEMPDIR_FUNCTION_();
+#endif
+
+#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
+  return "\\temp\\";
+#elif GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+  const char* temp_dir = internal::posix::GetEnv("TEMP");
+  if (temp_dir == nullptr || temp_dir[0] == '\0')
+    return "\\temp\\";
+  else if (temp_dir[strlen(temp_dir) - 1] == '\\')
+    return temp_dir;
+  else
+    return std::string(temp_dir) + "\\";
+#elif GTEST_OS_LINUX_ANDROID
+  return "/sdcard/";
+#else
+  return "/tmp/";
+#endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
+}
+
+// Class ScopedTrace
+
+// Pushes the given source file location and message onto a per-thread
+// trace stack maintained by Google Test.
+void ScopedTrace::PushTrace(const char* file, int line, std::string message) {
+  internal::TraceInfo trace;
+  trace.file = file;
+  trace.line = line;
+  trace.message.swap(message);
+
+  UnitTest::GetInstance()->PushGTestTrace(trace);
+}
+
+// Pops the info pushed by the c'tor.
+ScopedTrace::~ScopedTrace()
+    GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(&UnitTest::mutex_) {
+  UnitTest::GetInstance()->PopGTestTrace();
+}
+
 }  // namespace testing
 // Copyright 2005, Google Inc.
 // All rights reserved.
@@ -6862,12 +7584,14 @@
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan), vladl@google.com (Vlad Losev)
+
 //
 // This file implements death tests.
 
 
+#include <utility>
+
+
 #if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
 
 # if GTEST_OS_MAC
@@ -6895,23 +7619,32 @@
 #  include <spawn.h>
 # endif  // GTEST_OS_QNX
 
+# if GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
+#  include <lib/fdio/fd.h>
+#  include <lib/fdio/io.h>
+#  include <lib/fdio/spawn.h>
+#  include <lib/zx/port.h>
+#  include <lib/zx/process.h>
+#  include <lib/zx/socket.h>
+#  include <zircon/processargs.h>
+#  include <zircon/syscalls.h>
+#  include <zircon/syscalls/policy.h>
+#  include <zircon/syscalls/port.h>
+# endif  // GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
+
 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
 
 
-// Indicates that this translation unit is part of Google Test's
-// implementation.  It must come before gtest-internal-inl.h is
-// included, or there will be a compiler error.  This trick exists to
-// prevent the accidental inclusion of gtest-internal-inl.h in the
-// user's code.
-#define GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_ 1
-#undef GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_
-
 namespace testing {
 
 // Constants.
 
 // The default death test style.
-static const char kDefaultDeathTestStyle[] = "fast";
+//
+// This is defined in internal/gtest-port.h as "fast", but can be overridden by
+// a definition in internal/custom/gtest-port.h. The recommended value, which is
+// used internally at Google, is "threadsafe".
+static const char kDefaultDeathTestStyle[] = GTEST_DEFAULT_DEATH_TEST_STYLE;
 
 GTEST_DEFINE_string_(
     death_test_style,
@@ -6951,7 +7684,7 @@
 
 // Valid only for fast death tests. Indicates the code is running in the
 // child process of a fast style death test.
-# if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+# if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS && !GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
 static bool g_in_fast_death_test_child = false;
 # endif
 
@@ -6961,10 +7694,10 @@
 // tests.  IMPORTANT: This is an internal utility.  Using it may break the
 // implementation of death tests.  User code MUST NOT use it.
 bool InDeathTestChild() {
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS || GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
 
-  // On Windows, death tests are thread-safe regardless of the value of the
-  // death_test_style flag.
+  // On Windows and Fuchsia, death tests are thread-safe regardless of the value
+  // of the death_test_style flag.
   return !GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test).empty();
 
 # else
@@ -6984,7 +7717,7 @@
 
 // ExitedWithCode function-call operator.
 bool ExitedWithCode::operator()(int exit_status) const {
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS || GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
 
   return exit_status == exit_code_;
 
@@ -6992,10 +7725,10 @@
 
   return WIFEXITED(exit_status) && WEXITSTATUS(exit_status) == exit_code_;
 
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS || GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
 }
 
-# if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+# if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS && !GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
 // KilledBySignal constructor.
 KilledBySignal::KilledBySignal(int signum) : signum_(signum) {
 }
@@ -7012,7 +7745,7 @@
 #  endif  // defined(GTEST_KILLED_BY_SIGNAL_OVERRIDE_)
   return WIFSIGNALED(exit_status) && WTERMSIG(exit_status) == signum_;
 }
-# endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+# endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS && !GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
 
 namespace internal {
 
@@ -7023,7 +7756,7 @@
 static std::string ExitSummary(int exit_code) {
   Message m;
 
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS || GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
 
   m << "Exited with exit status " << exit_code;
 
@@ -7039,7 +7772,7 @@
     m << " (core dumped)";
   }
 #  endif
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS || GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
 
   return m.GetString();
 }
@@ -7050,7 +7783,7 @@
   return !ExitedWithCode(0)(exit_status);
 }
 
-# if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+# if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS && !GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
 // Generates a textual failure message when a death test finds more than
 // one thread running, or cannot determine the number of threads, prior
 // to executing the given statement.  It is the responsibility of the
@@ -7059,13 +7792,19 @@
   Message msg;
   msg << "Death tests use fork(), which is unsafe particularly"
       << " in a threaded context. For this test, " << GTEST_NAME_ << " ";
-  if (thread_count == 0)
+  if (thread_count == 0) {
     msg << "couldn't detect the number of threads.";
-  else
+  } else {
     msg << "detected " << thread_count << " threads.";
+  }
+  msg << " See "
+         "https://github.com/google/googletest/blob/master/googletest/docs/"
+         "advanced.md#death-tests-and-threads"
+      << " for more explanation and suggested solutions, especially if"
+      << " this is the last message you see before your test times out.";
   return msg.GetString();
 }
-# endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+# endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS && !GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
 
 // Flag characters for reporting a death test that did not die.
 static const char kDeathTestLived = 'L';
@@ -7073,6 +7812,13 @@
 static const char kDeathTestThrew = 'T';
 static const char kDeathTestInternalError = 'I';
 
+#if GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
+
+// File descriptor used for the pipe in the child process.
+static const int kFuchsiaReadPipeFd = 3;
+
+#endif
+
 // An enumeration describing all of the possible ways that a death test can
 // conclude.  DIED means that the process died while executing the test
 // code; LIVED means that process lived beyond the end of the test code;
@@ -7080,8 +7826,6 @@
 // statement, which is not allowed; THREW means that the test statement
 // returned control by throwing an exception.  IN_PROGRESS means the test
 // has not yet concluded.
-// TODO(vladl@google.com): Unify names and possibly values for
-// AbortReason, DeathTestOutcome, and flag characters above.
 enum DeathTestOutcome { IN_PROGRESS, DIED, LIVED, RETURNED, THREW };
 
 // Routine for aborting the program which is safe to call from an
@@ -7089,13 +7833,13 @@
 // message is propagated back to the parent process.  Otherwise, the
 // message is simply printed to stderr.  In either case, the program
 // then exits with status 1.
-void DeathTestAbort(const std::string& message) {
+static void DeathTestAbort(const std::string& message) {
   // On a POSIX system, this function may be called from a threadsafe-style
   // death test child process, which operates on a very small stack.  Use
   // the heap for any additional non-minuscule memory requirements.
   const InternalRunDeathTestFlag* const flag =
       GetUnitTestImpl()->internal_run_death_test_flag();
-  if (flag != NULL) {
+  if (flag != nullptr) {
     FILE* parent = posix::FDOpen(flag->write_fd(), "w");
     fputc(kDeathTestInternalError, parent);
     fprintf(parent, "%s", message.c_str());
@@ -7175,7 +7919,7 @@
 // for the current test.
 DeathTest::DeathTest() {
   TestInfo* const info = GetUnitTestImpl()->current_test_info();
-  if (info == NULL) {
+  if (info == nullptr) {
     DeathTestAbort("Cannot run a death test outside of a TEST or "
                    "TEST_F construct");
   }
@@ -7183,10 +7927,11 @@
 
 // Creates and returns a death test by dispatching to the current
 // death test factory.
-bool DeathTest::Create(const char* statement, const RE* regex,
-                       const char* file, int line, DeathTest** test) {
+bool DeathTest::Create(const char* statement,
+                       Matcher<const std::string&> matcher, const char* file,
+                       int line, DeathTest** test) {
   return GetUnitTestImpl()->death_test_factory()->Create(
-      statement, regex, file, line, test);
+      statement, std::move(matcher), file, line, test);
 }
 
 const char* DeathTest::LastMessage() {
@@ -7202,9 +7947,9 @@
 // Provides cross platform implementation for some death functionality.
 class DeathTestImpl : public DeathTest {
  protected:
-  DeathTestImpl(const char* a_statement, const RE* a_regex)
+  DeathTestImpl(const char* a_statement, Matcher<const std::string&> matcher)
       : statement_(a_statement),
-        regex_(a_regex),
+        matcher_(std::move(matcher)),
         spawned_(false),
         status_(-1),
         outcome_(IN_PROGRESS),
@@ -7212,13 +7957,12 @@
         write_fd_(-1) {}
 
   // read_fd_ is expected to be closed and cleared by a derived class.
-  ~DeathTestImpl() { GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(read_fd_ == -1); }
+  ~DeathTestImpl() override { GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(read_fd_ == -1); }
 
-  void Abort(AbortReason reason);
-  virtual bool Passed(bool status_ok);
+  void Abort(AbortReason reason) override;
+  bool Passed(bool status_ok) override;
 
   const char* statement() const { return statement_; }
-  const RE* regex() const { return regex_; }
   bool spawned() const { return spawned_; }
   void set_spawned(bool is_spawned) { spawned_ = is_spawned; }
   int status() const { return status_; }
@@ -7236,13 +7980,15 @@
   // case of unexpected codes.
   void ReadAndInterpretStatusByte();
 
+  // Returns stderr output from the child process.
+  virtual std::string GetErrorLogs();
+
  private:
   // The textual content of the code this object is testing.  This class
   // doesn't own this string and should not attempt to delete it.
   const char* const statement_;
-  // The regular expression which test output must match.  DeathTestImpl
-  // doesn't own this object and should not attempt to delete it.
-  const RE* const regex_;
+  // A matcher that's expected to match the stderr output by the child process.
+  Matcher<const std::string&> matcher_;
   // True if the death test child process has been successfully spawned.
   bool spawned_;
   // The exit status of the child process.
@@ -7304,6 +8050,10 @@
   set_read_fd(-1);
 }
 
+std::string DeathTestImpl::GetErrorLogs() {
+  return GetCapturedStderr();
+}
+
 // Signals that the death test code which should have exited, didn't.
 // Should be called only in a death test child process.
 // Writes a status byte to the child's status file descriptor, then
@@ -7357,9 +8107,8 @@
 //             in the format specified by wait(2). On Windows, this is the
 //             value supplied to the ExitProcess() API or a numeric code
 //             of the exception that terminated the program.
-//   regex:    A regular expression object to be applied to
-//             the test's captured standard error output; the death test
-//             fails if it does not match.
+//   matcher_: A matcher that's expected to match the stderr output by the child
+//             process.
 //
 // Argument:
 //   status_ok: true if exit_status is acceptable in the context of
@@ -7372,7 +8121,7 @@
   if (!spawned())
     return false;
 
-  const std::string error_message = GetCapturedStderr();
+  const std::string error_message = GetErrorLogs();
 
   bool success = false;
   Message buffer;
@@ -7393,13 +8142,15 @@
       break;
     case DIED:
       if (status_ok) {
-        const bool matched = RE::PartialMatch(error_message.c_str(), *regex());
-        if (matched) {
+        if (matcher_.Matches(error_message)) {
           success = true;
         } else {
+          std::ostringstream stream;
+          matcher_.DescribeTo(&stream);
           buffer << "    Result: died but not with expected error.\n"
-                 << "  Expected: " << regex()->pattern() << "\n"
-                 << "Actual msg:\n" << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
+                 << "  Expected: " << stream.str() << "\n"
+                 << "Actual msg:\n"
+                 << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
         }
       } else {
         buffer << "    Result: died but not with expected exit code:\n"
@@ -7448,11 +8199,11 @@
 //
 class WindowsDeathTest : public DeathTestImpl {
  public:
-  WindowsDeathTest(const char* a_statement,
-                   const RE* a_regex,
-                   const char* file,
-                   int line)
-      : DeathTestImpl(a_statement, a_regex), file_(file), line_(line) {}
+  WindowsDeathTest(const char* a_statement, Matcher<const std::string&> matcher,
+                   const char* file, int line)
+      : DeathTestImpl(a_statement, std::move(matcher)),
+        file_(file),
+        line_(line) {}
 
   // All of these virtual functions are inherited from DeathTest.
   virtual int Wait();
@@ -7529,7 +8280,7 @@
   const TestInfo* const info = impl->current_test_info();
   const int death_test_index = info->result()->death_test_count();
 
-  if (flag != NULL) {
+  if (flag != nullptr) {
     // ParseInternalRunDeathTestFlag() has performed all the necessary
     // processing.
     set_write_fd(flag->write_fd());
@@ -7538,8 +8289,8 @@
 
   // WindowsDeathTest uses an anonymous pipe to communicate results of
   // a death test.
-  SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES handles_are_inheritable = {
-    sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES), NULL, TRUE };
+  SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES handles_are_inheritable = {sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES),
+                                                 nullptr, TRUE};
   HANDLE read_handle, write_handle;
   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
       ::CreatePipe(&read_handle, &write_handle, &handles_are_inheritable,
@@ -7550,13 +8301,13 @@
   write_handle_.Reset(write_handle);
   event_handle_.Reset(::CreateEvent(
       &handles_are_inheritable,
-      TRUE,    // The event will automatically reset to non-signaled state.
-      FALSE,   // The initial state is non-signalled.
-      NULL));  // The even is unnamed.
-  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(event_handle_.Get() != NULL);
-  const std::string filter_flag =
-      std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ + kFilterFlag + "=" +
-      info->test_case_name() + "." + info->name();
+      TRUE,       // The event will automatically reset to non-signaled state.
+      FALSE,      // The initial state is non-signalled.
+      nullptr));  // The even is unnamed.
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(event_handle_.Get() != nullptr);
+  const std::string filter_flag = std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ +
+                                  kFilterFlag + "=" + info->test_suite_name() +
+                                  "." + info->name();
   const std::string internal_flag =
       std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ + kInternalRunDeathTestFlag +
       "=" + file_ + "|" + StreamableToString(line_) + "|" +
@@ -7569,10 +8320,9 @@
       "|" + StreamableToString(reinterpret_cast<size_t>(event_handle_.Get()));
 
   char executable_path[_MAX_PATH + 1];  // NOLINT
-  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
-      _MAX_PATH + 1 != ::GetModuleFileNameA(NULL,
-                                            executable_path,
-                                            _MAX_PATH));
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(_MAX_PATH + 1 != ::GetModuleFileNameA(nullptr,
+                                                                executable_path,
+                                                                _MAX_PATH));
 
   std::string command_line =
       std::string(::GetCommandLineA()) + " " + filter_flag + " \"" +
@@ -7593,33 +8343,277 @@
   startup_info.hStdError = ::GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
 
   PROCESS_INFORMATION process_info;
-  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(::CreateProcessA(
-      executable_path,
-      const_cast<char*>(command_line.c_str()),
-      NULL,   // Retuned process handle is not inheritable.
-      NULL,   // Retuned thread handle is not inheritable.
-      TRUE,   // Child inherits all inheritable handles (for write_handle_).
-      0x0,    // Default creation flags.
-      NULL,   // Inherit the parent's environment.
-      UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir(),
-      &startup_info,
-      &process_info) != FALSE);
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
+      ::CreateProcessA(
+          executable_path, const_cast<char*>(command_line.c_str()),
+          nullptr,  // Retuned process handle is not inheritable.
+          nullptr,  // Retuned thread handle is not inheritable.
+          TRUE,  // Child inherits all inheritable handles (for write_handle_).
+          0x0,   // Default creation flags.
+          nullptr,  // Inherit the parent's environment.
+          UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir(), &startup_info,
+          &process_info) != FALSE);
   child_handle_.Reset(process_info.hProcess);
   ::CloseHandle(process_info.hThread);
   set_spawned(true);
   return OVERSEE_TEST;
 }
-# else  // We are not on Windows.
+
+# elif GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
+
+class FuchsiaDeathTest : public DeathTestImpl {
+ public:
+  FuchsiaDeathTest(const char* a_statement, Matcher<const std::string&> matcher,
+                   const char* file, int line)
+      : DeathTestImpl(a_statement, std::move(matcher)),
+        file_(file),
+        line_(line) {}
+
+  // All of these virtual functions are inherited from DeathTest.
+  int Wait() override;
+  TestRole AssumeRole() override;
+  std::string GetErrorLogs() override;
+
+ private:
+  // The name of the file in which the death test is located.
+  const char* const file_;
+  // The line number on which the death test is located.
+  const int line_;
+  // The stderr data captured by the child process.
+  std::string captured_stderr_;
+
+  zx::process child_process_;
+  zx::port port_;
+  zx::socket stderr_socket_;
+};
+
+// Utility class for accumulating command-line arguments.
+class Arguments {
+ public:
+  Arguments() { args_.push_back(nullptr); }
+
+  ~Arguments() {
+    for (std::vector<char*>::iterator i = args_.begin(); i != args_.end();
+         ++i) {
+      free(*i);
+    }
+  }
+  void AddArgument(const char* argument) {
+    args_.insert(args_.end() - 1, posix::StrDup(argument));
+  }
+
+  template <typename Str>
+  void AddArguments(const ::std::vector<Str>& arguments) {
+    for (typename ::std::vector<Str>::const_iterator i = arguments.begin();
+         i != arguments.end();
+         ++i) {
+      args_.insert(args_.end() - 1, posix::StrDup(i->c_str()));
+    }
+  }
+  char* const* Argv() {
+    return &args_[0];
+  }
+
+  int size() {
+    return args_.size() - 1;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::vector<char*> args_;
+};
+
+// Waits for the child in a death test to exit, returning its exit
+// status, or 0 if no child process exists.  As a side effect, sets the
+// outcome data member.
+int FuchsiaDeathTest::Wait() {
+  const int kProcessKey = 0;
+  const int kSocketKey = 1;
+
+  if (!spawned())
+    return 0;
+
+  // Register to wait for the child process to terminate.
+  zx_status_t status_zx;
+  status_zx = child_process_.wait_async(
+      port_, kProcessKey, ZX_PROCESS_TERMINATED, ZX_WAIT_ASYNC_ONCE);
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(status_zx == ZX_OK);
+  // Register to wait for the socket to be readable or closed.
+  status_zx = stderr_socket_.wait_async(
+      port_, kSocketKey, ZX_SOCKET_READABLE | ZX_SOCKET_PEER_CLOSED,
+      ZX_WAIT_ASYNC_REPEATING);
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(status_zx == ZX_OK);
+
+  bool process_terminated = false;
+  bool socket_closed = false;
+  do {
+    zx_port_packet_t packet = {};
+    status_zx = port_.wait(zx::time::infinite(), &packet);
+    GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(status_zx == ZX_OK);
+
+    if (packet.key == kProcessKey) {
+      if (ZX_PKT_IS_EXCEPTION(packet.type)) {
+        // Process encountered an exception. Kill it directly rather than
+        // letting other handlers process the event. We will get a second
+        // kProcessKey event when the process actually terminates.
+        status_zx = child_process_.kill();
+        GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(status_zx == ZX_OK);
+      } else {
+        // Process terminated.
+        GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(ZX_PKT_IS_SIGNAL_ONE(packet.type));
+        GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(packet.signal.observed & ZX_PROCESS_TERMINATED);
+        process_terminated = true;
+      }
+    } else if (packet.key == kSocketKey) {
+      GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(ZX_PKT_IS_SIGNAL_REP(packet.type));
+      if (packet.signal.observed & ZX_SOCKET_READABLE) {
+        // Read data from the socket.
+        constexpr size_t kBufferSize = 1024;
+        do {
+          size_t old_length = captured_stderr_.length();
+          size_t bytes_read = 0;
+          captured_stderr_.resize(old_length + kBufferSize);
+          status_zx = stderr_socket_.read(
+              0, &captured_stderr_.front() + old_length, kBufferSize,
+              &bytes_read);
+          captured_stderr_.resize(old_length + bytes_read);
+        } while (status_zx == ZX_OK);
+        if (status_zx == ZX_ERR_PEER_CLOSED) {
+          socket_closed = true;
+        } else {
+          GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(status_zx == ZX_ERR_SHOULD_WAIT);
+        }
+      } else {
+        GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(packet.signal.observed & ZX_SOCKET_PEER_CLOSED);
+        socket_closed = true;
+      }
+    }
+  } while (!process_terminated && !socket_closed);
+
+  ReadAndInterpretStatusByte();
+
+  zx_info_process_t buffer;
+  status_zx = child_process_.get_info(
+      ZX_INFO_PROCESS, &buffer, sizeof(buffer), nullptr, nullptr);
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(status_zx == ZX_OK);
+
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(buffer.exited);
+  set_status(buffer.return_code);
+  return status();
+}
+
+// The AssumeRole process for a Fuchsia death test.  It creates a child
+// process with the same executable as the current process to run the
+// death test.  The child process is given the --gtest_filter and
+// --gtest_internal_run_death_test flags such that it knows to run the
+// current death test only.
+DeathTest::TestRole FuchsiaDeathTest::AssumeRole() {
+  const UnitTestImpl* const impl = GetUnitTestImpl();
+  const InternalRunDeathTestFlag* const flag =
+      impl->internal_run_death_test_flag();
+  const TestInfo* const info = impl->current_test_info();
+  const int death_test_index = info->result()->death_test_count();
+
+  if (flag != nullptr) {
+    // ParseInternalRunDeathTestFlag() has performed all the necessary
+    // processing.
+    set_write_fd(kFuchsiaReadPipeFd);
+    return EXECUTE_TEST;
+  }
+
+  // Flush the log buffers since the log streams are shared with the child.
+  FlushInfoLog();
+
+  // Build the child process command line.
+  const std::string filter_flag = std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ +
+                                  kFilterFlag + "=" + info->test_suite_name() +
+                                  "." + info->name();
+  const std::string internal_flag =
+      std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ + kInternalRunDeathTestFlag + "="
+      + file_ + "|"
+      + StreamableToString(line_) + "|"
+      + StreamableToString(death_test_index);
+  Arguments args;
+  args.AddArguments(GetInjectableArgvs());
+  args.AddArgument(filter_flag.c_str());
+  args.AddArgument(internal_flag.c_str());
+
+  // Build the pipe for communication with the child.
+  zx_status_t status;
+  zx_handle_t child_pipe_handle;
+  uint32_t type;
+  status = fdio_pipe_half(&child_pipe_handle, &type);
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(status >= 0);
+  set_read_fd(status);
+
+  // Set the pipe handle for the child.
+  fdio_spawn_action_t spawn_actions[2] = {};
+  fdio_spawn_action_t* add_handle_action = &spawn_actions[0];
+  add_handle_action->action = FDIO_SPAWN_ACTION_ADD_HANDLE;
+  add_handle_action->h.id = PA_HND(type, kFuchsiaReadPipeFd);
+  add_handle_action->h.handle = child_pipe_handle;
+
+  // Create a socket pair will be used to receive the child process' stderr.
+  zx::socket stderr_producer_socket;
+  status =
+      zx::socket::create(0, &stderr_producer_socket, &stderr_socket_);
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(status >= 0);
+  int stderr_producer_fd = -1;
+  status =
+      fdio_fd_create(stderr_producer_socket.release(), &stderr_producer_fd);
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(status >= 0);
+
+  // Make the stderr socket nonblocking.
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(fcntl(stderr_producer_fd, F_SETFL, 0) == 0);
+
+  fdio_spawn_action_t* add_stderr_action = &spawn_actions[1];
+  add_stderr_action->action = FDIO_SPAWN_ACTION_CLONE_FD;
+  add_stderr_action->fd.local_fd = stderr_producer_fd;
+  add_stderr_action->fd.target_fd = STDERR_FILENO;
+
+  // Create a child job.
+  zx_handle_t child_job = ZX_HANDLE_INVALID;
+  status = zx_job_create(zx_job_default(), 0, & child_job);
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(status == ZX_OK);
+  zx_policy_basic_t policy;
+  policy.condition = ZX_POL_NEW_ANY;
+  policy.policy = ZX_POL_ACTION_ALLOW;
+  status = zx_job_set_policy(
+      child_job, ZX_JOB_POL_RELATIVE, ZX_JOB_POL_BASIC, &policy, 1);
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(status == ZX_OK);
+
+  // Create an exception port and attach it to the |child_job|, to allow
+  // us to suppress the system default exception handler from firing.
+  status = zx::port::create(0, &port_);
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(status == ZX_OK);
+  status = zx_task_bind_exception_port(
+      child_job, port_.get(), 0 /* key */, 0 /*options */);
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(status == ZX_OK);
+
+  // Spawn the child process.
+  status = fdio_spawn_etc(
+      child_job, FDIO_SPAWN_CLONE_ALL, args.Argv()[0], args.Argv(), nullptr,
+      2, spawn_actions, child_process_.reset_and_get_address(), nullptr);
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(status == ZX_OK);
+
+  set_spawned(true);
+  return OVERSEE_TEST;
+}
+
+std::string FuchsiaDeathTest::GetErrorLogs() {
+  return captured_stderr_;
+}
+
+#else  // We are neither on Windows, nor on Fuchsia.
 
 // ForkingDeathTest provides implementations for most of the abstract
 // methods of the DeathTest interface.  Only the AssumeRole method is
 // left undefined.
 class ForkingDeathTest : public DeathTestImpl {
  public:
-  ForkingDeathTest(const char* statement, const RE* regex);
+  ForkingDeathTest(const char* statement, Matcher<const std::string&> matcher);
 
   // All of these virtual functions are inherited from DeathTest.
-  virtual int Wait();
+  int Wait() override;
 
  protected:
   void set_child_pid(pid_t child_pid) { child_pid_ = child_pid; }
@@ -7630,9 +8624,9 @@
 };
 
 // Constructs a ForkingDeathTest.
-ForkingDeathTest::ForkingDeathTest(const char* a_statement, const RE* a_regex)
-    : DeathTestImpl(a_statement, a_regex),
-      child_pid_(-1) {}
+ForkingDeathTest::ForkingDeathTest(const char* a_statement,
+                                   Matcher<const std::string&> matcher)
+    : DeathTestImpl(a_statement, std::move(matcher)), child_pid_(-1) {}
 
 // Waits for the child in a death test to exit, returning its exit
 // status, or 0 if no child process exists.  As a side effect, sets the
@@ -7653,9 +8647,9 @@
 // in the child process.
 class NoExecDeathTest : public ForkingDeathTest {
  public:
-  NoExecDeathTest(const char* a_statement, const RE* a_regex) :
-      ForkingDeathTest(a_statement, a_regex) { }
-  virtual TestRole AssumeRole();
+  NoExecDeathTest(const char* a_statement, Matcher<const std::string&> matcher)
+      : ForkingDeathTest(a_statement, std::move(matcher)) {}
+  TestRole AssumeRole() override;
 };
 
 // The AssumeRole process for a fork-and-run death test.  It implements a
@@ -7708,16 +8702,18 @@
 // only this specific death test to be run.
 class ExecDeathTest : public ForkingDeathTest {
  public:
-  ExecDeathTest(const char* a_statement, const RE* a_regex,
-                const char* file, int line) :
-      ForkingDeathTest(a_statement, a_regex), file_(file), line_(line) { }
-  virtual TestRole AssumeRole();
+  ExecDeathTest(const char* a_statement, Matcher<const std::string&> matcher,
+                const char* file, int line)
+      : ForkingDeathTest(a_statement, std::move(matcher)),
+        file_(file),
+        line_(line) {}
+  TestRole AssumeRole() override;
+
  private:
-  static ::std::vector<testing::internal::string>
-  GetArgvsForDeathTestChildProcess() {
-    ::std::vector<testing::internal::string> args = GetInjectableArgvs();
+  static ::std::vector<std::string> GetArgvsForDeathTestChildProcess() {
+    ::std::vector<std::string> args = GetInjectableArgvs();
 #  if defined(GTEST_EXTRA_DEATH_TEST_COMMAND_LINE_ARGS_)
-    ::std::vector<testing::internal::string> extra_args =
+    ::std::vector<std::string> extra_args =
         GTEST_EXTRA_DEATH_TEST_COMMAND_LINE_ARGS_();
     args.insert(args.end(), extra_args.begin(), extra_args.end());
 #  endif  // defined(GTEST_EXTRA_DEATH_TEST_COMMAND_LINE_ARGS_)
@@ -7732,9 +8728,7 @@
 // Utility class for accumulating command-line arguments.
 class Arguments {
  public:
-  Arguments() {
-    args_.push_back(NULL);
-  }
+  Arguments() { args_.push_back(nullptr); }
 
   ~Arguments() {
     for (std::vector<char*>::iterator i = args_.begin(); i != args_.end();
@@ -7816,6 +8810,7 @@
 }
 #  endif  // !GTEST_OS_QNX
 
+#  if GTEST_HAS_CLONE
 // Two utility routines that together determine the direction the stack
 // grows.
 // This could be accomplished more elegantly by a single recursive
@@ -7825,20 +8820,22 @@
 // GTEST_NO_INLINE_ is required to prevent GCC 4.6 from inlining
 // StackLowerThanAddress into StackGrowsDown, which then doesn't give
 // correct answer.
-void StackLowerThanAddress(const void* ptr, bool* result) GTEST_NO_INLINE_;
-void StackLowerThanAddress(const void* ptr, bool* result) {
+static void StackLowerThanAddress(const void* ptr,
+                                  bool* result) GTEST_NO_INLINE_;
+static void StackLowerThanAddress(const void* ptr, bool* result) {
   int dummy;
   *result = (&dummy < ptr);
 }
 
 // Make sure AddressSanitizer does not tamper with the stack here.
 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS_
-bool StackGrowsDown() {
+static bool StackGrowsDown() {
   int dummy;
   bool result;
   StackLowerThanAddress(&dummy, &result);
   return result;
 }
+#  endif  // GTEST_HAS_CLONE
 
 // Spawns a child process with the same executable as the current process in
 // a thread-safe manner and instructs it to run the death test.  The
@@ -7876,7 +8873,8 @@
                                         fd_flags | FD_CLOEXEC));
   struct inheritance inherit = {0};
   // spawn is a system call.
-  child_pid = spawn(args.argv[0], 0, NULL, &inherit, args.argv, GetEnviron());
+  child_pid =
+      spawn(args.argv[0], 0, nullptr, &inherit, args.argv, GetEnviron());
   // Restores the current working directory.
   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(fchdir(cwd_fd) != -1);
   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(close(cwd_fd));
@@ -7902,7 +8900,7 @@
     static const bool stack_grows_down = StackGrowsDown();
     const size_t stack_size = getpagesize();
     // MMAP_ANONYMOUS is not defined on Mac, so we use MAP_ANON instead.
-    void* const stack = mmap(NULL, stack_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+    void* const stack = mmap(nullptr, stack_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
                              MAP_ANON | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
     GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(stack != MAP_FAILED);
 
@@ -7934,7 +8932,7 @@
 #  endif  // GTEST_OS_QNX
 #  if GTEST_OS_LINUX
   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(
-      sigaction(SIGPROF, &saved_sigprof_action, NULL));
+      sigaction(SIGPROF, &saved_sigprof_action, nullptr));
 #  endif  // GTEST_OS_LINUX
 
   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(child_pid != -1);
@@ -7952,7 +8950,7 @@
   const TestInfo* const info = impl->current_test_info();
   const int death_test_index = info->result()->death_test_count();
 
-  if (flag != NULL) {
+  if (flag != nullptr) {
     set_write_fd(flag->write_fd());
     return EXECUTE_TEST;
   }
@@ -7963,9 +8961,9 @@
   // it be closed when the child process does an exec:
   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(fcntl(pipe_fd[1], F_SETFD, 0) != -1);
 
-  const std::string filter_flag =
-      std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ + kFilterFlag + "="
-      + info->test_case_name() + "." + info->name();
+  const std::string filter_flag = std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ +
+                                  kFilterFlag + "=" + info->test_suite_name() +
+                                  "." + info->name();
   const std::string internal_flag =
       std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ + kInternalRunDeathTestFlag + "="
       + file_ + "|" + StreamableToString(line_) + "|"
@@ -7998,7 +8996,8 @@
 // by the "test" argument to its address.  If the test should be
 // skipped, sets that pointer to NULL.  Returns true, unless the
 // flag is set to an invalid value.
-bool DefaultDeathTestFactory::Create(const char* statement, const RE* regex,
+bool DefaultDeathTestFactory::Create(const char* statement,
+                                     Matcher<const std::string&> matcher,
                                      const char* file, int line,
                                      DeathTest** test) {
   UnitTestImpl* const impl = GetUnitTestImpl();
@@ -8007,7 +9006,7 @@
   const int death_test_index = impl->current_test_info()
       ->increment_death_test_count();
 
-  if (flag != NULL) {
+  if (flag != nullptr) {
     if (death_test_index > flag->index()) {
       DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message(
           "Death test count (" + StreamableToString(death_test_index)
@@ -8018,7 +9017,7 @@
 
     if (!(flag->file() == file && flag->line() == line &&
           flag->index() == death_test_index)) {
-      *test = NULL;
+      *test = nullptr;
       return true;
     }
   }
@@ -8027,15 +9026,22 @@
 
   if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "threadsafe" ||
       GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "fast") {
-    *test = new WindowsDeathTest(statement, regex, file, line);
+    *test = new WindowsDeathTest(statement, std::move(matcher), file, line);
+  }
+
+# elif GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
+
+  if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "threadsafe" ||
+      GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "fast") {
+    *test = new FuchsiaDeathTest(statement, std::move(matcher), file, line);
   }
 
 # else
 
   if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "threadsafe") {
-    *test = new ExecDeathTest(statement, regex, file, line);
+    *test = new ExecDeathTest(statement, std::move(matcher), file, line);
   } else if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "fast") {
-    *test = new NoExecDeathTest(statement, regex);
+    *test = new NoExecDeathTest(statement, std::move(matcher));
   }
 
 # endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
@@ -8054,7 +9060,7 @@
 // Recreates the pipe and event handles from the provided parameters,
 // signals the event, and returns a file descriptor wrapped around the pipe
 // handle. This function is called in the child process only.
-int GetStatusFileDescriptor(unsigned int parent_process_id,
+static int GetStatusFileDescriptor(unsigned int parent_process_id,
                             size_t write_handle_as_size_t,
                             size_t event_handle_as_size_t) {
   AutoHandle parent_process_handle(::OpenProcess(PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE,
@@ -8065,15 +9071,13 @@
                    StreamableToString(parent_process_id));
   }
 
-  // TODO(vladl@google.com): Replace the following check with a
-  // compile-time assertion when available.
   GTEST_CHECK_(sizeof(HANDLE) <= sizeof(size_t));
 
   const HANDLE write_handle =
       reinterpret_cast<HANDLE>(write_handle_as_size_t);
   HANDLE dup_write_handle;
 
-  // The newly initialized handle is accessible only in in the parent
+  // The newly initialized handle is accessible only in the parent
   // process. To obtain one accessible within the child, we need to use
   // DuplicateHandle.
   if (!::DuplicateHandle(parent_process_handle.Get(), write_handle,
@@ -8122,7 +9126,7 @@
 // initialized from the GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test) flag if
 // the flag is specified; otherwise returns NULL.
 InternalRunDeathTestFlag* ParseInternalRunDeathTestFlag() {
-  if (GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test) == "") return NULL;
+  if (GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test) == "") return nullptr;
 
   // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST implies that we have ::std::string, so we
   // can use it here.
@@ -8150,6 +9154,16 @@
   write_fd = GetStatusFileDescriptor(parent_process_id,
                                      write_handle_as_size_t,
                                      event_handle_as_size_t);
+
+# elif GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
+
+  if (fields.size() != 3
+      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[1], &line)
+      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[2], &index)) {
+    DeathTestAbort("Bad --gtest_internal_run_death_test flag: "
+        + GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test));
+  }
+
 # else
 
   if (fields.size() != 4
@@ -8198,8 +9212,6 @@
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-// Authors: keith.ray@gmail.com (Keith Ray)
 
 
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -8209,14 +9221,12 @@
 #elif GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 # include <direct.h>
 # include <io.h>
-#elif GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN
-// Symbian OpenC has PATH_MAX in sys/syslimits.h
-# include <sys/syslimits.h>
 #else
 # include <limits.h>
 # include <climits>  // Some Linux distributions define PATH_MAX here.
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
 
+
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 # define GTEST_PATH_MAX_ _MAX_PATH
 #elif defined(PATH_MAX)
@@ -8227,7 +9237,6 @@
 # define GTEST_PATH_MAX_ _POSIX_PATH_MAX
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
-
 namespace testing {
 namespace internal {
 
@@ -8265,13 +9274,14 @@
 
 // Returns the current working directory, or "" if unsuccessful.
 FilePath FilePath::GetCurrentDir() {
-#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE || GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_PHONE || GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_RT
-  // Windows CE doesn't have a current directory, so we just return
+#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE || GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_PHONE || \
+    GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_RT || ARDUINO
+  // Windows CE and Arduino don't have a current directory, so we just return
   // something reasonable.
   return FilePath(kCurrentDirectoryString);
 #elif GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
   char cwd[GTEST_PATH_MAX_ + 1] = { '\0' };
-  return FilePath(_getcwd(cwd, sizeof(cwd)) == NULL ? "" : cwd);
+  return FilePath(_getcwd(cwd, sizeof(cwd)) == nullptr ? "" : cwd);
 #else
   char cwd[GTEST_PATH_MAX_ + 1] = { '\0' };
   char* result = getcwd(cwd, sizeof(cwd));
@@ -8279,9 +9289,9 @@
   // getcwd will likely fail in NaCl due to the sandbox, so return something
   // reasonable. The user may have provided a shim implementation for getcwd,
   // however, so fallback only when failure is detected.
-  return FilePath(result == NULL ? kCurrentDirectoryString : cwd);
+  return FilePath(result == nullptr ? kCurrentDirectoryString : cwd);
 # endif  // GTEST_OS_NACL
-  return FilePath(result == NULL ? "" : cwd);
+  return FilePath(result == nullptr ? "" : cwd);
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
 }
 
@@ -8298,7 +9308,7 @@
   return *this;
 }
 
-// Returns a pointer to the last occurence of a valid path separator in
+// Returns a pointer to the last occurrence of a valid path separator in
 // the FilePath. On Windows, for example, both '/' and '\' are valid path
 // separators. Returns NULL if no path separator was found.
 const char* FilePath::FindLastPathSeparator() const {
@@ -8306,8 +9316,8 @@
 #if GTEST_HAS_ALT_PATH_SEP_
   const char* const last_alt_sep = strrchr(c_str(), kAlternatePathSeparator);
   // Comparing two pointers of which only one is NULL is undefined.
-  if (last_alt_sep != NULL &&
-      (last_sep == NULL || last_alt_sep > last_sep)) {
+  if (last_alt_sep != nullptr &&
+      (last_sep == nullptr || last_alt_sep > last_sep)) {
     return last_alt_sep;
   }
 #endif
@@ -8420,9 +9430,6 @@
 // root directory per disk drive.)
 bool FilePath::IsRootDirectory() const {
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
-  // TODO(wan@google.com): on Windows a network share like
-  // \\server\share can be a root directory, although it cannot be the
-  // current directory.  Handle this properly.
   return pathname_.length() == 3 && IsAbsolutePath();
 #else
   return pathname_.length() == 1 && IsPathSeparator(pathname_.c_str()[0]);
@@ -8494,7 +9501,7 @@
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
   FilePath removed_sep(this->RemoveTrailingPathSeparator());
   LPCWSTR unicode = String::AnsiToUtf16(removed_sep.c_str());
-  int result = CreateDirectory(unicode, NULL) ? 0 : -1;
+  int result = CreateDirectory(unicode, nullptr) ? 0 : -1;
   delete [] unicode;
 #elif GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
   int result = _mkdir(pathname_.c_str());
@@ -8520,9 +9527,8 @@
 // Removes any redundant separators that might be in the pathname.
 // For example, "bar///foo" becomes "bar/foo". Does not eliminate other
 // redundancies that might be in a pathname involving "." or "..".
-// TODO(wan@google.com): handle Windows network shares (e.g. \\server\share).
 void FilePath::Normalize() {
-  if (pathname_.c_str() == NULL) {
+  if (pathname_.c_str() == nullptr) {
     pathname_ = "";
     return;
   }
@@ -8553,6 +9559,155 @@
 
 }  // namespace internal
 }  // namespace testing
+// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+// The Google C++ Testing and Mocking Framework (Google Test)
+//
+// This file implements just enough of the matcher interface to allow
+// EXPECT_DEATH and friends to accept a matcher argument.
+
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace testing {
+
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a const std::string& whose value is
+// equal to s.
+Matcher<const std::string&>::Matcher(const std::string& s) { *this = Eq(s); }
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a const std::string& whose value is
+// equal to s.
+Matcher<const std::string&>::Matcher(const ::string& s) {
+  *this = Eq(static_cast<std::string>(s));
+}
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a const std::string& whose value is
+// equal to s.
+Matcher<const std::string&>::Matcher(const char* s) {
+  *this = Eq(std::string(s));
+}
+
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a std::string whose value is equal to
+// s.
+Matcher<std::string>::Matcher(const std::string& s) { *this = Eq(s); }
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a std::string whose value is equal to
+// s.
+Matcher<std::string>::Matcher(const ::string& s) {
+  *this = Eq(static_cast<std::string>(s));
+}
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a std::string whose value is equal to
+// s.
+Matcher<std::string>::Matcher(const char* s) { *this = Eq(std::string(s)); }
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a const ::string& whose value is
+// equal to s.
+Matcher<const ::string&>::Matcher(const std::string& s) {
+  *this = Eq(static_cast<::string>(s));
+}
+
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a const ::string& whose value is
+// equal to s.
+Matcher<const ::string&>::Matcher(const ::string& s) { *this = Eq(s); }
+
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a const ::string& whose value is
+// equal to s.
+Matcher<const ::string&>::Matcher(const char* s) { *this = Eq(::string(s)); }
+
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a ::string whose value is equal to s.
+Matcher<::string>::Matcher(const std::string& s) {
+  *this = Eq(static_cast<::string>(s));
+}
+
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a ::string whose value is equal to s.
+Matcher<::string>::Matcher(const ::string& s) { *this = Eq(s); }
+
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a string whose value is equal to s.
+Matcher<::string>::Matcher(const char* s) { *this = Eq(::string(s)); }
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_ABSL
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a const absl::string_view& whose value is
+// equal to s.
+Matcher<const absl::string_view&>::Matcher(const std::string& s) {
+  *this = Eq(s);
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a const absl::string_view& whose value is
+// equal to s.
+Matcher<const absl::string_view&>::Matcher(const ::string& s) { *this = Eq(s); }
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a const absl::string_view& whose value is
+// equal to s.
+Matcher<const absl::string_view&>::Matcher(const char* s) {
+  *this = Eq(std::string(s));
+}
+
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a const absl::string_view& whose value is
+// equal to s.
+Matcher<const absl::string_view&>::Matcher(absl::string_view s) {
+  *this = Eq(std::string(s));
+}
+
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a absl::string_view whose value is equal to
+// s.
+Matcher<absl::string_view>::Matcher(const std::string& s) { *this = Eq(s); }
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a absl::string_view whose value is equal to
+// s.
+Matcher<absl::string_view>::Matcher(const ::string& s) { *this = Eq(s); }
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a absl::string_view whose value is equal to
+// s.
+Matcher<absl::string_view>::Matcher(const char* s) {
+  *this = Eq(std::string(s));
+}
+
+// Constructs a matcher that matches a absl::string_view whose value is equal to
+// s.
+Matcher<absl::string_view>::Matcher(absl::string_view s) {
+  *this = Eq(std::string(s));
+}
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_ABSL
+
+}  // namespace testing
 // Copyright 2008, Google Inc.
 // All rights reserved.
 //
@@ -8581,21 +9736,24 @@
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
+
 
 
 #include <limits.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <fstream>
+#include <memory>
 
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 # include <windows.h>
 # include <io.h>
 # include <sys/stat.h>
 # include <map>  // Used in ThreadLocal.
+# ifdef _MSC_VER
+#  include <crtdbg.h>
+# endif  // _MSC_VER
 #else
 # include <unistd.h>
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
@@ -8606,6 +9764,14 @@
 # include <mach/vm_map.h>
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_MAC
 
+#if GTEST_OS_DRAGONFLY || GTEST_OS_FREEBSD || GTEST_OS_GNU_KFREEBSD || \
+    GTEST_OS_NETBSD || GTEST_OS_OPENBSD
+# include <sys/sysctl.h>
+# if GTEST_OS_DRAGONFLY || GTEST_OS_FREEBSD || GTEST_OS_GNU_KFREEBSD
+#  include <sys/user.h>
+# endif
+#endif
+
 #if GTEST_OS_QNX
 # include <devctl.h>
 # include <fcntl.h>
@@ -8617,14 +9783,11 @@
 # include <sys/types.h>
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_AIX
 
+#if GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
+# include <zircon/process.h>
+# include <zircon/syscalls.h>
+#endif  // GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
 
-// Indicates that this translation unit is part of Google Test's
-// implementation.  It must come before gtest-internal-inl.h is
-// included, or there will be a compiler error.  This trick exists to
-// prevent the accidental inclusion of gtest-internal-inl.h in the
-// user's code.
-#define GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_ 1
-#undef GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_
 
 namespace testing {
 namespace internal {
@@ -8642,7 +9805,7 @@
 
 namespace {
 template <typename T>
-T ReadProcFileField(const string& filename, int field) {
+T ReadProcFileField(const std::string& filename, int field) {
   std::string dummy;
   std::ifstream file(filename.c_str());
   while (field-- > 0) {
@@ -8656,7 +9819,7 @@
 
 // Returns the number of active threads, or 0 when there is an error.
 size_t GetThreadCount() {
-  const string filename =
+  const std::string filename =
       (Message() << "/proc/" << getpid() << "/stat").GetString();
   return ReadProcFileField<int>(filename, 19);
 }
@@ -8680,6 +9843,81 @@
   }
 }
 
+#elif GTEST_OS_DRAGONFLY || GTEST_OS_FREEBSD || GTEST_OS_GNU_KFREEBSD || \
+      GTEST_OS_NETBSD
+
+#if GTEST_OS_NETBSD
+#undef KERN_PROC
+#define KERN_PROC KERN_PROC2
+#define kinfo_proc kinfo_proc2
+#endif
+
+#if GTEST_OS_DRAGONFLY
+#define KP_NLWP(kp) (kp.kp_nthreads)
+#elif GTEST_OS_FREEBSD || GTEST_OS_GNU_KFREEBSD
+#define KP_NLWP(kp) (kp.ki_numthreads)
+#elif GTEST_OS_NETBSD
+#define KP_NLWP(kp) (kp.p_nlwps)
+#endif
+
+// Returns the number of threads running in the process, or 0 to indicate that
+// we cannot detect it.
+size_t GetThreadCount() {
+  int mib[] = {
+    CTL_KERN,
+    KERN_PROC,
+    KERN_PROC_PID,
+    getpid(),
+#if GTEST_OS_NETBSD
+    sizeof(struct kinfo_proc),
+    1,
+#endif
+  };
+  u_int miblen = sizeof(mib) / sizeof(mib[0]);
+  struct kinfo_proc info;
+  size_t size = sizeof(info);
+  if (sysctl(mib, miblen, &info, &size, NULL, 0)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return KP_NLWP(info);
+}
+#elif GTEST_OS_OPENBSD
+
+// Returns the number of threads running in the process, or 0 to indicate that
+// we cannot detect it.
+size_t GetThreadCount() {
+  int mib[] = {
+    CTL_KERN,
+    KERN_PROC,
+    KERN_PROC_PID | KERN_PROC_SHOW_THREADS,
+    getpid(),
+    sizeof(struct kinfo_proc),
+    0,
+  };
+  u_int miblen = sizeof(mib) / sizeof(mib[0]);
+
+  // get number of structs
+  size_t size;
+  if (sysctl(mib, miblen, NULL, &size, NULL, 0)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  mib[5] = size / mib[4];
+
+  // populate array of structs
+  struct kinfo_proc info[mib[5]];
+  if (sysctl(mib, miblen, &info, &size, NULL, 0)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // exclude empty members
+  int nthreads = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < size / mib[4]; i++) {
+    if (info[i].p_tid != -1)
+      nthreads++;
+  }
+  return nthreads;
+}
+
 #elif GTEST_OS_QNX
 
 // Returns the number of threads running in the process, or 0 to indicate that
@@ -8691,7 +9929,7 @@
   }
   procfs_info process_info;
   const int status =
-      devctl(fd, DCMD_PROC_INFO, &process_info, sizeof(process_info), NULL);
+      devctl(fd, DCMD_PROC_INFO, &process_info, sizeof(process_info), nullptr);
   close(fd);
   if (status == EOK) {
     return static_cast<size_t>(process_info.num_threads);
@@ -8705,7 +9943,7 @@
 size_t GetThreadCount() {
   struct procentry64 entry;
   pid_t pid = getpid();
-  int status = getprocs64(&entry, sizeof(entry), NULL, 0, &pid, 1);
+  int status = getprocs64(&entry, sizeof(entry), nullptr, 0, &pid, 1);
   if (status == 1) {
     return entry.pi_thcount;
   } else {
@@ -8713,6 +9951,25 @@
   }
 }
 
+#elif GTEST_OS_FUCHSIA
+
+size_t GetThreadCount() {
+  int dummy_buffer;
+  size_t avail;
+  zx_status_t status = zx_object_get_info(
+      zx_process_self(),
+      ZX_INFO_PROCESS_THREADS,
+      &dummy_buffer,
+      0,
+      nullptr,
+      &avail);
+  if (status == ZX_OK) {
+    return avail;
+  } else {
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
 #else
 
 size_t GetThreadCount() {
@@ -8764,15 +10021,15 @@
 bool AutoHandle::IsCloseable() const {
   // Different Windows APIs may use either of these values to represent an
   // invalid handle.
-  return handle_ != NULL && handle_ != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+  return handle_ != nullptr && handle_ != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
 }
 
 Notification::Notification()
-    : event_(::CreateEvent(NULL,   // Default security attributes.
-                           TRUE,   // Do not reset automatically.
-                           FALSE,  // Initially unset.
-                           NULL)) {  // Anonymous event.
-  GTEST_CHECK_(event_.Get() != NULL);
+    : event_(::CreateEvent(nullptr,     // Default security attributes.
+                           TRUE,        // Do not reset automatically.
+                           FALSE,       // Initially unset.
+                           nullptr)) {  // Anonymous event.
+  GTEST_CHECK_(event_.Get() != nullptr);
 }
 
 void Notification::Notify() {
@@ -8795,13 +10052,10 @@
 Mutex::~Mutex() {
   // Static mutexes are leaked intentionally. It is not thread-safe to try
   // to clean them up.
-  // TODO(yukawa): Switch to Slim Reader/Writer (SRW) Locks, which requires
-  // nothing to clean it up but is available only on Vista and later.
-  // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa904937.aspx
   if (type_ == kDynamic) {
     ::DeleteCriticalSection(critical_section_);
     delete critical_section_;
-    critical_section_ = NULL;
+    critical_section_ = nullptr;
   }
 }
 
@@ -8828,6 +10082,43 @@
       << "The current thread is not holding the mutex @" << this;
 }
 
+namespace {
+
+// Use the RAII idiom to flag mem allocs that are intentionally never
+// deallocated. The motivation is to silence the false positive mem leaks
+// that are reported by the debug version of MS's CRT which can only detect
+// if an alloc is missing a matching deallocation.
+// Example:
+//    MemoryIsNotDeallocated memory_is_not_deallocated;
+//    critical_section_ = new CRITICAL_SECTION;
+//
+class MemoryIsNotDeallocated
+{
+ public:
+  MemoryIsNotDeallocated() : old_crtdbg_flag_(0) {
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+    old_crtdbg_flag_ = _CrtSetDbgFlag(_CRTDBG_REPORT_FLAG);
+    // Set heap allocation block type to _IGNORE_BLOCK so that MS debug CRT
+    // doesn't report mem leak if there's no matching deallocation.
+    _CrtSetDbgFlag(old_crtdbg_flag_ & ~_CRTDBG_ALLOC_MEM_DF);
+#endif  //  _MSC_VER
+  }
+
+  ~MemoryIsNotDeallocated() {
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+    // Restore the original _CRTDBG_ALLOC_MEM_DF flag
+    _CrtSetDbgFlag(old_crtdbg_flag_);
+#endif  //  _MSC_VER
+  }
+
+ private:
+  int old_crtdbg_flag_;
+
+  GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(MemoryIsNotDeallocated);
+};
+
+}  // namespace
+
 // Initializes owner_thread_id_ and critical_section_ in static mutexes.
 void Mutex::ThreadSafeLazyInit() {
   // Dynamic mutexes are initialized in the constructor.
@@ -8838,7 +10129,11 @@
         // If critical_section_init_phase_ was 0 before the exchange, we
         // are the first to test it and need to perform the initialization.
         owner_thread_id_ = 0;
-        critical_section_ = new CRITICAL_SECTION;
+        {
+          // Use RAII to flag that following mem alloc is never deallocated.
+          MemoryIsNotDeallocated memory_is_not_deallocated;
+          critical_section_ = new CRITICAL_SECTION;
+        }
         ::InitializeCriticalSection(critical_section_);
         // Updates the critical_section_init_phase_ to 2 to signal
         // initialization complete.
@@ -8877,17 +10172,16 @@
                              Notification* thread_can_start) {
     ThreadMainParam* param = new ThreadMainParam(runnable, thread_can_start);
     DWORD thread_id;
-    // TODO(yukawa): Consider to use _beginthreadex instead.
     HANDLE thread_handle = ::CreateThread(
-        NULL,    // Default security.
-        0,       // Default stack size.
+        nullptr,  // Default security.
+        0,        // Default stack size.
         &ThreadWithParamSupport::ThreadMain,
-        param,   // Parameter to ThreadMainStatic
-        0x0,     // Default creation flags.
+        param,        // Parameter to ThreadMainStatic
+        0x0,          // Default creation flags.
         &thread_id);  // Need a valid pointer for the call to work under Win98.
-    GTEST_CHECK_(thread_handle != NULL) << "CreateThread failed with error "
-                                        << ::GetLastError() << ".";
-    if (thread_handle == NULL) {
+    GTEST_CHECK_(thread_handle != nullptr)
+        << "CreateThread failed with error " << ::GetLastError() << ".";
+    if (thread_handle == nullptr) {
       delete param;
     }
     return thread_handle;
@@ -8899,15 +10193,15 @@
         : runnable_(runnable),
           thread_can_start_(thread_can_start) {
     }
-    scoped_ptr<Runnable> runnable_;
+    std::unique_ptr<Runnable> runnable_;
     // Does not own.
     Notification* thread_can_start_;
   };
 
   static DWORD WINAPI ThreadMain(void* ptr) {
     // Transfers ownership.
-    scoped_ptr<ThreadMainParam> param(static_cast<ThreadMainParam*>(ptr));
-    if (param->thread_can_start_ != NULL)
+    std::unique_ptr<ThreadMainParam> param(static_cast<ThreadMainParam*>(ptr));
+    if (param->thread_can_start_ != nullptr)
       param->thread_can_start_->WaitForNotification();
     param->runnable_->Run();
     return 0;
@@ -8965,7 +10259,7 @@
           thread_local_values
               .insert(std::make_pair(
                   thread_local_instance,
-                  linked_ptr<ThreadLocalValueHolderBase>(
+                  std::shared_ptr<ThreadLocalValueHolderBase>(
                       thread_local_instance->NewValueForCurrentThread())))
               .first;
     }
@@ -8974,7 +10268,7 @@
 
   static void OnThreadLocalDestroyed(
       const ThreadLocalBase* thread_local_instance) {
-    std::vector<linked_ptr<ThreadLocalValueHolderBase> > value_holders;
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ThreadLocalValueHolderBase> > value_holders;
     // Clean up the ThreadLocalValues data structure while holding the lock, but
     // defer the destruction of the ThreadLocalValueHolderBases.
     {
@@ -9002,7 +10296,7 @@
 
   static void OnThreadExit(DWORD thread_id) {
     GTEST_CHECK_(thread_id != 0) << ::GetLastError();
-    std::vector<linked_ptr<ThreadLocalValueHolderBase> > value_holders;
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ThreadLocalValueHolderBase> > value_holders;
     // Clean up the ThreadIdToThreadLocals data structure while holding the
     // lock, but defer the destruction of the ThreadLocalValueHolderBases.
     {
@@ -9029,7 +10323,8 @@
  private:
   // In a particular thread, maps a ThreadLocal object to its value.
   typedef std::map<const ThreadLocalBase*,
-                   linked_ptr<ThreadLocalValueHolderBase> > ThreadLocalValues;
+                   std::shared_ptr<ThreadLocalValueHolderBase> >
+      ThreadLocalValues;
   // Stores all ThreadIdToThreadLocals having values in a thread, indexed by
   // thread's ID.
   typedef std::map<DWORD, ThreadLocalValues> ThreadIdToThreadLocals;
@@ -9044,18 +10339,17 @@
     HANDLE thread = ::OpenThread(SYNCHRONIZE | THREAD_QUERY_INFORMATION,
                                  FALSE,
                                  thread_id);
-    GTEST_CHECK_(thread != NULL);
-    // We need to to pass a valid thread ID pointer into CreateThread for it
+    GTEST_CHECK_(thread != nullptr);
+    // We need to pass a valid thread ID pointer into CreateThread for it
     // to work correctly under Win98.
     DWORD watcher_thread_id;
     HANDLE watcher_thread = ::CreateThread(
-        NULL,   // Default security.
-        0,      // Default stack size
+        nullptr,  // Default security.
+        0,        // Default stack size
         &ThreadLocalRegistryImpl::WatcherThreadFunc,
         reinterpret_cast<LPVOID>(new ThreadIdAndHandle(thread_id, thread)),
-        CREATE_SUSPENDED,
-        &watcher_thread_id);
-    GTEST_CHECK_(watcher_thread != NULL);
+        CREATE_SUSPENDED, &watcher_thread_id);
+    GTEST_CHECK_(watcher_thread != nullptr);
     // Give the watcher thread the same priority as ours to avoid being
     // blocked by it.
     ::SetThreadPriority(watcher_thread,
@@ -9080,7 +10374,8 @@
   // Returns map of thread local instances.
   static ThreadIdToThreadLocals* GetThreadLocalsMapLocked() {
     mutex_.AssertHeld();
-    static ThreadIdToThreadLocals* map = new ThreadIdToThreadLocals;
+    MemoryIsNotDeallocated memory_is_not_deallocated;
+    static ThreadIdToThreadLocals* map = new ThreadIdToThreadLocals();
     return map;
   }
 
@@ -9174,7 +10469,7 @@
 // Returns true iff ch appears anywhere in str (excluding the
 // terminating '\0' character).
 bool IsInSet(char ch, const char* str) {
-  return ch != '\0' && strchr(str, ch) != NULL;
+  return ch != '\0' && strchr(str, ch) != nullptr;
 }
 
 // Returns true iff ch belongs to the given classification.  Unlike
@@ -9220,7 +10515,7 @@
 }
 
 // Helper function used by ValidateRegex() to format error messages.
-std::string FormatRegexSyntaxError(const char* regex, int index) {
+static std::string FormatRegexSyntaxError(const char* regex, int index) {
   return (Message() << "Syntax error at index " << index
           << " in simple regular expression \"" << regex << "\": ").GetString();
 }
@@ -9228,10 +10523,7 @@
 // Generates non-fatal failures and returns false if regex is invalid;
 // otherwise returns true.
 bool ValidateRegex(const char* regex) {
-  if (regex == NULL) {
-    // TODO(wan@google.com): fix the source file location in the
-    // assertion failures to match where the regex is used in user
-    // code.
+  if (regex == nullptr) {
     ADD_FAILURE() << "NULL is not a valid simple regular expression.";
     return false;
   }
@@ -9354,8 +10646,7 @@
 // exponential with respect to the regex length + the string length,
 // but usually it's must faster (often close to linear).
 bool MatchRegexAnywhere(const char* regex, const char* str) {
-  if (regex == NULL || str == NULL)
-    return false;
+  if (regex == nullptr || str == nullptr) return false;
 
   if (*regex == '^')
     return MatchRegexAtHead(regex + 1, str);
@@ -9388,8 +10679,8 @@
 
 // Initializes an RE from its string representation.
 void RE::Init(const char* regex) {
-  pattern_ = full_pattern_ = NULL;
-  if (regex != NULL) {
+  pattern_ = full_pattern_ = nullptr;
+  if (regex != nullptr) {
     pattern_ = posix::StrDup(regex);
   }
 
@@ -9427,7 +10718,7 @@
 // Formats a source file path and a line number as they would appear
 // in an error message from the compiler used to compile this code.
 GTEST_API_ ::std::string FormatFileLocation(const char* file, int line) {
-  const std::string file_name(file == NULL ? kUnknownFile : file);
+  const std::string file_name(file == nullptr ? kUnknownFile : file);
 
   if (line < 0) {
     return file_name + ":";
@@ -9446,7 +10737,7 @@
 // to the file location it produces, unlike FormatFileLocation().
 GTEST_API_ ::std::string FormatCompilerIndependentFileLocation(
     const char* file, int line) {
-  const std::string file_name(file == NULL ? kUnknownFile : file);
+  const std::string file_name(file == nullptr ? kUnknownFile : file);
 
   if (line < 0)
     return file_name;
@@ -9472,9 +10763,10 @@
     posix::Abort();
   }
 }
+
 // Disable Microsoft deprecation warnings for POSIX functions called from
 // this class (creat, dup, dup2, and close)
-GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_PUSH_(4996)
+GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_DEPRECATED_PUSH_()
 
 #if GTEST_HAS_STREAM_REDIRECTION
 
@@ -9525,7 +10817,7 @@
     const int captured_fd = mkstemp(name_template);
     filename_ = name_template;
 # endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
-    fflush(NULL);
+    fflush(nullptr);
     dup2(captured_fd, fd_);
     close(captured_fd);
   }
@@ -9537,7 +10829,7 @@
   std::string GetCapturedString() {
     if (uncaptured_fd_ != -1) {
       // Restores the original stream.
-      fflush(NULL);
+      fflush(nullptr);
       dup2(uncaptured_fd_, fd_);
       close(uncaptured_fd_);
       uncaptured_fd_ = -1;
@@ -9558,14 +10850,15 @@
   GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(CapturedStream);
 };
 
-GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_POP_()
+GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_DEPRECATED_POP_()
 
-static CapturedStream* g_captured_stderr = NULL;
-static CapturedStream* g_captured_stdout = NULL;
+static CapturedStream* g_captured_stderr = nullptr;
+static CapturedStream* g_captured_stdout = nullptr;
 
 // Starts capturing an output stream (stdout/stderr).
-void CaptureStream(int fd, const char* stream_name, CapturedStream** stream) {
-  if (*stream != NULL) {
+static void CaptureStream(int fd, const char* stream_name,
+                          CapturedStream** stream) {
+  if (*stream != nullptr) {
     GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "Only one " << stream_name
                       << " capturer can exist at a time.";
   }
@@ -9573,11 +10866,11 @@
 }
 
 // Stops capturing the output stream and returns the captured string.
-std::string GetCapturedStream(CapturedStream** captured_stream) {
+static std::string GetCapturedStream(CapturedStream** captured_stream) {
   const std::string content = (*captured_stream)->GetCapturedString();
 
   delete *captured_stream;
-  *captured_stream = NULL;
+  *captured_stream = nullptr;
 
   return content;
 }
@@ -9604,23 +10897,9 @@
 
 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STREAM_REDIRECTION
 
-std::string TempDir() {
-#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
-  return "\\temp\\";
-#elif GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
-  const char* temp_dir = posix::GetEnv("TEMP");
-  if (temp_dir == NULL || temp_dir[0] == '\0')
-    return "\\temp\\";
-  else if (temp_dir[strlen(temp_dir) - 1] == '\\')
-    return temp_dir;
-  else
-    return std::string(temp_dir) + "\\";
-#elif GTEST_OS_LINUX_ANDROID
-  return "/sdcard/";
-#else
-  return "/tmp/";
-#endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
-}
+
+
+
 
 size_t GetFileSize(FILE* file) {
   fseek(file, 0, SEEK_END);
@@ -9650,22 +10929,37 @@
 }
 
 #if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+static const std::vector<std::string>* g_injected_test_argvs =
+    nullptr;  // Owned.
 
-static const ::std::vector<testing::internal::string>* g_injected_test_argvs =
-                                        NULL;  // Owned.
-
-void SetInjectableArgvs(const ::std::vector<testing::internal::string>* argvs) {
-  if (g_injected_test_argvs != argvs)
-    delete g_injected_test_argvs;
-  g_injected_test_argvs = argvs;
-}
-
-const ::std::vector<testing::internal::string>& GetInjectableArgvs() {
-  if (g_injected_test_argvs != NULL) {
+std::vector<std::string> GetInjectableArgvs() {
+  if (g_injected_test_argvs != nullptr) {
     return *g_injected_test_argvs;
   }
   return GetArgvs();
 }
+
+void SetInjectableArgvs(const std::vector<std::string>* new_argvs) {
+  if (g_injected_test_argvs != new_argvs) delete g_injected_test_argvs;
+  g_injected_test_argvs = new_argvs;
+}
+
+void SetInjectableArgvs(const std::vector<std::string>& new_argvs) {
+  SetInjectableArgvs(
+      new std::vector<std::string>(new_argvs.begin(), new_argvs.end()));
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+void SetInjectableArgvs(const std::vector< ::string>& new_argvs) {
+  SetInjectableArgvs(
+      new std::vector<std::string>(new_argvs.begin(), new_argvs.end()));
+}
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
+
+void ClearInjectableArgvs() {
+  delete g_injected_test_argvs;
+  g_injected_test_argvs = nullptr;
+}
 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
 
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
@@ -9697,7 +10991,7 @@
 // unchanged and returns false.
 bool ParseInt32(const Message& src_text, const char* str, Int32* value) {
   // Parses the environment variable as a decimal integer.
-  char* end = NULL;
+  char* end = nullptr;
   const long long_value = strtol(str, &end, 10);  // NOLINT
 
   // Has strtol() consumed all characters in the string?
@@ -9740,11 +11034,12 @@
 bool BoolFromGTestEnv(const char* flag, bool default_value) {
 #if defined(GTEST_GET_BOOL_FROM_ENV_)
   return GTEST_GET_BOOL_FROM_ENV_(flag, default_value);
-#endif  // defined(GTEST_GET_BOOL_FROM_ENV_)
+#else
   const std::string env_var = FlagToEnvVar(flag);
   const char* const string_value = posix::GetEnv(env_var.c_str());
-  return string_value == NULL ?
-      default_value : strcmp(string_value, "0") != 0;
+  return string_value == nullptr ? default_value
+                                 : strcmp(string_value, "0") != 0;
+#endif  // defined(GTEST_GET_BOOL_FROM_ENV_)
 }
 
 // Reads and returns a 32-bit integer stored in the environment
@@ -9753,10 +11048,10 @@
 Int32 Int32FromGTestEnv(const char* flag, Int32 default_value) {
 #if defined(GTEST_GET_INT32_FROM_ENV_)
   return GTEST_GET_INT32_FROM_ENV_(flag, default_value);
-#endif  // defined(GTEST_GET_INT32_FROM_ENV_)
+#else
   const std::string env_var = FlagToEnvVar(flag);
   const char* const string_value = posix::GetEnv(env_var.c_str());
-  if (string_value == NULL) {
+  if (string_value == nullptr) {
     // The environment variable is not set.
     return default_value;
   }
@@ -9771,37 +11066,36 @@
   }
 
   return result;
+#endif  // defined(GTEST_GET_INT32_FROM_ENV_)
+}
+
+// As a special case for the 'output' flag, if GTEST_OUTPUT is not
+// set, we look for XML_OUTPUT_FILE, which is set by the Bazel build
+// system.  The value of XML_OUTPUT_FILE is a filename without the
+// "xml:" prefix of GTEST_OUTPUT.
+// Note that this is meant to be called at the call site so it does
+// not check that the flag is 'output'
+// In essence this checks an env variable called XML_OUTPUT_FILE
+// and if it is set we prepend "xml:" to its value, if it not set we return ""
+std::string OutputFlagAlsoCheckEnvVar(){
+  std::string default_value_for_output_flag = "";
+  const char* xml_output_file_env = posix::GetEnv("XML_OUTPUT_FILE");
+  if (nullptr != xml_output_file_env) {
+    default_value_for_output_flag = std::string("xml:") + xml_output_file_env;
+  }
+  return default_value_for_output_flag;
 }
 
 // Reads and returns the string environment variable corresponding to
 // the given flag; if it's not set, returns default_value.
-std::string StringFromGTestEnv(const char* flag, const char* default_value) {
+const char* StringFromGTestEnv(const char* flag, const char* default_value) {
 #if defined(GTEST_GET_STRING_FROM_ENV_)
   return GTEST_GET_STRING_FROM_ENV_(flag, default_value);
-#endif  // defined(GTEST_GET_STRING_FROM_ENV_)
+#else
   const std::string env_var = FlagToEnvVar(flag);
-  const char* value = posix::GetEnv(env_var.c_str());
-  if (value != NULL) {
-    return value;
-  }
-
-  // As a special case for the 'output' flag, if GTEST_OUTPUT is not
-  // set, we look for XML_OUTPUT_FILE, which is set by the Bazel build
-  // system.  The value of XML_OUTPUT_FILE is a filename without the
-  // "xml:" prefix of GTEST_OUTPUT.
-  //
-  // The net priority order after flag processing is thus:
-  //   --gtest_output command line flag
-  //   GTEST_OUTPUT environment variable
-  //   XML_OUTPUT_FILE environment variable
-  //   'default_value'
-  if (strcmp(flag, "output") == 0) {
-    value = posix::GetEnv("XML_OUTPUT_FILE");
-    if (value != NULL) {
-      return std::string("xml:") + value;
-    }
-  }
-  return default_value;
+  const char* const value = posix::GetEnv(env_var.c_str());
+  return value == nullptr ? default_value : value;
+#endif  // defined(GTEST_GET_STRING_FROM_ENV_)
 }
 
 }  // namespace internal
@@ -9834,10 +11128,9 @@
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
 
-// Google Test - The Google C++ Testing Framework
+
+// Google Test - The Google C++ Testing and Mocking Framework
 //
 // This file implements a universal value printer that can print a
 // value of any type T:
@@ -9850,8 +11143,8 @@
 // or void PrintTo(const Foo&, ::std::ostream*) in the namespace that
 // defines Foo.
 
-#include <ctype.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <cctype>
 #include <cwchar>
 #include <ostream>  // NOLINT
 #include <string>
@@ -9895,7 +11188,6 @@
   // If the object size is bigger than kThreshold, we'll have to omit
   // some details by printing only the first and the last kChunkSize
   // bytes.
-  // TODO(wan): let the user control the threshold using a flag.
   if (count < kThreshold) {
     PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes, 0, count, os);
   } else {
@@ -9929,7 +11221,7 @@
 // Depending on the value of a char (or wchar_t), we print it in one
 // of three formats:
 //   - as is if it's a printable ASCII (e.g. 'a', '2', ' '),
-//   - as a hexidecimal escape sequence (e.g. '\x7F'), or
+//   - as a hexadecimal escape sequence (e.g. '\x7F'), or
 //   - as a special escape sequence (e.g. '\r', '\n').
 enum CharFormat {
   kAsIs,
@@ -9986,7 +11278,10 @@
         *os << static_cast<char>(c);
         return kAsIs;
       } else {
-        *os << "\\x" + String::FormatHexInt(static_cast<UnsignedChar>(c));
+        ostream::fmtflags flags = os->flags();
+        *os << "\\x" << std::hex << std::uppercase
+            << static_cast<int>(static_cast<UnsignedChar>(c));
+        os->flags(flags);
         return kHexEscape;
       }
   }
@@ -10033,7 +11328,7 @@
     return;
   *os << " (" << static_cast<int>(c);
 
-  // For more convenience, we print c's code again in hexidecimal,
+  // For more convenience, we print c's code again in hexadecimal,
   // unless c was already printed in the form '\x##' or the code is in
   // [1, 9].
   if (format == kHexEscape || (1 <= c && c <= 9)) {
@@ -10065,11 +11360,12 @@
 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY_
 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS_
 GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_THREAD_
-static void PrintCharsAsStringTo(
+static CharFormat PrintCharsAsStringTo(
     const CharType* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
   const char* const kQuoteBegin = sizeof(CharType) == 1 ? "\"" : "L\"";
   *os << kQuoteBegin;
   bool is_previous_hex = false;
+  CharFormat print_format = kAsIs;
   for (size_t index = 0; index < len; ++index) {
     const CharType cur = begin[index];
     if (is_previous_hex && IsXDigit(cur)) {
@@ -10079,8 +11375,13 @@
       *os << "\" " << kQuoteBegin;
     }
     is_previous_hex = PrintAsStringLiteralTo(cur, os) == kHexEscape;
+    // Remember if any characters required hex escaping.
+    if (is_previous_hex) {
+      print_format = kHexEscape;
+    }
   }
   *os << "\"";
+  return print_format;
 }
 
 // Prints a (const) char/wchar_t array of 'len' elements, starting at address
@@ -10124,7 +11425,7 @@
 
 // Prints the given C string to the ostream.
 void PrintTo(const char* s, ostream* os) {
-  if (s == NULL) {
+  if (s == nullptr) {
     *os << "NULL";
   } else {
     *os << ImplicitCast_<const void*>(s) << " pointing to ";
@@ -10141,24 +11442,99 @@
 #if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED)
 // Prints the given wide C string to the ostream.
 void PrintTo(const wchar_t* s, ostream* os) {
-  if (s == NULL) {
+  if (s == nullptr) {
     *os << "NULL";
   } else {
     *os << ImplicitCast_<const void*>(s) << " pointing to ";
-    PrintCharsAsStringTo(s, std::wcslen(s), os);
+    PrintCharsAsStringTo(s, wcslen(s), os);
   }
 }
 #endif  // wchar_t is native
 
+namespace {
+
+bool ContainsUnprintableControlCodes(const char* str, size_t length) {
+  const unsigned char *s = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(str);
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    unsigned char ch = *s++;
+    if (std::iscntrl(ch)) {
+        switch (ch) {
+        case '\t':
+        case '\n':
+        case '\r':
+          break;
+        default:
+          return true;
+        }
+      }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool IsUTF8TrailByte(unsigned char t) { return 0x80 <= t && t<= 0xbf; }
+
+bool IsValidUTF8(const char* str, size_t length) {
+  const unsigned char *s = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(str);
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < length;) {
+    unsigned char lead = s[i++];
+
+    if (lead <= 0x7f) {
+      continue;  // single-byte character (ASCII) 0..7F
+    }
+    if (lead < 0xc2) {
+      return false;  // trail byte or non-shortest form
+    } else if (lead <= 0xdf && (i + 1) <= length && IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i])) {
+      ++i;  // 2-byte character
+    } else if (0xe0 <= lead && lead <= 0xef && (i + 2) <= length &&
+               IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i]) &&
+               IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i + 1]) &&
+               // check for non-shortest form and surrogate
+               (lead != 0xe0 || s[i] >= 0xa0) &&
+               (lead != 0xed || s[i] < 0xa0)) {
+      i += 2;  // 3-byte character
+    } else if (0xf0 <= lead && lead <= 0xf4 && (i + 3) <= length &&
+               IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i]) &&
+               IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i + 1]) &&
+               IsUTF8TrailByte(s[i + 2]) &&
+               // check for non-shortest form
+               (lead != 0xf0 || s[i] >= 0x90) &&
+               (lead != 0xf4 || s[i] < 0x90)) {
+      i += 3;  // 4-byte character
+    } else {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+void ConditionalPrintAsText(const char* str, size_t length, ostream* os) {
+  if (!ContainsUnprintableControlCodes(str, length) &&
+      IsValidUTF8(str, length)) {
+    *os << "\n    As Text: \"" << str << "\"";
+  }
+}
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
+
 // Prints a ::string object.
 #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
 void PrintStringTo(const ::string& s, ostream* os) {
-  PrintCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os);
+  if (PrintCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os) == kHexEscape) {
+    if (GTEST_FLAG(print_utf8)) {
+      ConditionalPrintAsText(s.data(), s.size(), os);
+    }
+  }
 }
 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING
 
 void PrintStringTo(const ::std::string& s, ostream* os) {
-  PrintCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os);
+  if (PrintCharsAsStringTo(s.data(), s.size(), os) == kHexEscape) {
+    if (GTEST_FLAG(print_utf8)) {
+      ConditionalPrintAsText(s.data(), s.size(), os);
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 // Prints a ::wstring object.
@@ -10205,19 +11581,10 @@
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-// Author: mheule@google.com (Markus Heule)
-//
-// The Google C++ Testing Framework (Google Test)
 
+//
+// The Google C++ Testing and Mocking Framework (Google Test)
 
-// Indicates that this translation unit is part of Google Test's
-// implementation.  It must come before gtest-internal-inl.h is
-// included, or there will be a compiler error.  This trick exists to
-// prevent the accidental inclusion of gtest-internal-inl.h in the
-// user's code.
-#define GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_ 1
-#undef GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_
 
 namespace testing {
 
@@ -10227,18 +11594,21 @@
 // in it.
 std::string TestPartResult::ExtractSummary(const char* message) {
   const char* const stack_trace = strstr(message, internal::kStackTraceMarker);
-  return stack_trace == NULL ? message :
-      std::string(message, stack_trace);
+  return stack_trace == nullptr ? message : std::string(message, stack_trace);
 }
 
 // Prints a TestPartResult object.
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const TestPartResult& result) {
-  return os
-      << result.file_name() << ":" << result.line_number() << ": "
-      << (result.type() == TestPartResult::kSuccess ? "Success" :
-          result.type() == TestPartResult::kFatalFailure ? "Fatal failure" :
-          "Non-fatal failure") << ":\n"
-      << result.message() << std::endl;
+  return os << result.file_name() << ":" << result.line_number() << ": "
+            << (result.type() == TestPartResult::kSuccess
+                    ? "Success"
+                    : result.type() == TestPartResult::kSkip
+                          ? "Skipped"
+                          : result.type() == TestPartResult::kFatalFailure
+                                ? "Fatal failure"
+                                : "Non-fatal failure")
+            << ":\n"
+            << result.message() << std::endl;
 }
 
 // Appends a TestPartResult to the array.
@@ -10313,8 +11683,8 @@
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
+
+
 
 
 namespace testing {
@@ -10333,7 +11703,7 @@
 static std::vector<std::string> SplitIntoTestNames(const char* src) {
   std::vector<std::string> name_vec;
   src = SkipSpaces(src);
-  for (; src != NULL; src = SkipComma(src)) {
+  for (; src != nullptr; src = SkipComma(src)) {
     name_vec.push_back(StripTrailingSpaces(GetPrefixUntilComma(src)));
   }
   return name_vec;
@@ -10342,7 +11712,7 @@
 // Verifies that registered_tests match the test names in
 // registered_tests_; returns registered_tests if successful, or
 // aborts the program otherwise.
-const char* TypedTestCasePState::VerifyRegisteredTestNames(
+const char* TypedTestSuitePState::VerifyRegisteredTestNames(
     const char* file, int line, const char* registered_tests) {
   typedef RegisteredTestsMap::const_iterator RegisteredTestIter;
   registered_ = true;
@@ -10374,7 +11744,7 @@
       tests.insert(name);
     } else {
       errors << "No test named " << name
-             << " can be found in this test case.\n";
+             << " can be found in this test suite.\n";
     }
   }
 
@@ -10429,8 +11799,7 @@
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
+
 //
 // Google C++ Mocking Framework (Google Mock)
 //
@@ -10471,8 +11840,7 @@
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
+
 
 // Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
 //
@@ -10513,18 +11881,18 @@
 
   // Conservative estimate on the lower/upper bound of the number of
   // calls allowed.
-  virtual int ConservativeLowerBound() const { return min_; }
-  virtual int ConservativeUpperBound() const { return max_; }
+  int ConservativeLowerBound() const override { return min_; }
+  int ConservativeUpperBound() const override { return max_; }
 
-  virtual bool IsSatisfiedByCallCount(int call_count) const {
+  bool IsSatisfiedByCallCount(int call_count) const override {
     return min_ <= call_count && call_count <= max_;
   }
 
-  virtual bool IsSaturatedByCallCount(int call_count) const {
+  bool IsSaturatedByCallCount(int call_count) const override {
     return call_count >= max_;
   }
 
-  virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const;
+  void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const override;
 
  private:
   const int min_;
@@ -10534,7 +11902,7 @@
 };
 
 // Formats "n times" in a human-friendly way.
-inline internal::string FormatTimes(int n) {
+inline std::string FormatTimes(int n) {
   if (n == 1) {
     return "once";
   } else if (n == 2) {
@@ -10624,8 +11992,7 @@
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
+
 
 // Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
 //
@@ -10641,12 +12008,31 @@
 namespace testing {
 namespace internal {
 
+// Joins a vector of strings as if they are fields of a tuple; returns
+// the joined string.
+GTEST_API_ std::string JoinAsTuple(const Strings& fields) {
+  switch (fields.size()) {
+    case 0:
+      return "";
+    case 1:
+      return fields[0];
+    default:
+      std::string result = "(" + fields[0];
+      for (size_t i = 1; i < fields.size(); i++) {
+        result += ", ";
+        result += fields[i];
+      }
+      result += ")";
+      return result;
+  }
+}
+
 // Converts an identifier name to a space-separated list of lower-case
 // words.  Each maximum substring of the form [A-Za-z][a-z]*|\d+ is
 // treated as one word.  For example, both "FooBar123" and
 // "foo_bar_123" are converted to "foo bar 123".
-GTEST_API_ string ConvertIdentifierNameToWords(const char* id_name) {
-  string result;
+GTEST_API_ std::string ConvertIdentifierNameToWords(const char* id_name) {
+  std::string result;
   char prev_char = '\0';
   for (const char* p = id_name; *p != '\0'; prev_char = *(p++)) {
     // We don't care about the current locale as the input is
@@ -10665,12 +12051,12 @@
 }
 
 // This class reports Google Mock failures as Google Test failures.  A
-// user can define another class in a similar fashion if he intends to
+// user can define another class in a similar fashion if they intend to
 // use Google Mock with a testing framework other than Google Test.
 class GoogleTestFailureReporter : public FailureReporterInterface {
  public:
-  virtual void ReportFailure(FailureType type, const char* file, int line,
-                             const string& message) {
+  void ReportFailure(FailureType type, const char* file, int line,
+                     const std::string& message) override {
     AssertHelper(type == kFatal ?
                  TestPartResult::kFatalFailure :
                  TestPartResult::kNonFatalFailure,
@@ -10722,8 +12108,7 @@
 // stack_frames_to_skip is treated as 0, since we don't know which
 // function calls will be inlined by the compiler and need to be
 // conservative.
-GTEST_API_ void Log(LogSeverity severity,
-                    const string& message,
+GTEST_API_ void Log(LogSeverity severity, const std::string& message,
                     int stack_frames_to_skip) {
   if (!LogIsVisible(severity))
     return;
@@ -10731,9 +12116,6 @@
   // Ensures that logs from different threads don't interleave.
   MutexLock l(&g_log_mutex);
 
-  // "using ::std::cout;" doesn't work with Symbian's STLport, where cout is a
-  // macro.
-
   if (severity == kWarning) {
     // Prints a GMOCK WARNING marker to make the warnings easily searchable.
     std::cout << "\nGMOCK WARNING:";
@@ -10764,6 +12146,18 @@
   std::cout << ::std::flush;
 }
 
+GTEST_API_ WithoutMatchers GetWithoutMatchers() { return WithoutMatchers(); }
+
+GTEST_API_ void IllegalDoDefault(const char* file, int line) {
+  internal::Assert(
+      false, file, line,
+      "You are using DoDefault() inside a composite action like "
+      "DoAll() or WithArgs().  This is not supported for technical "
+      "reasons.  Please instead spell out the default action, or "
+      "assign the default action to an Action variable and use "
+      "the variable in various places.");
+}
+
 }  // namespace internal
 }  // namespace testing
 // Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
@@ -10794,8 +12188,7 @@
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
+
 
 // Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
 //
@@ -10804,98 +12197,23 @@
 
 
 #include <string.h>
+#include <iostream>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 
 namespace testing {
-
-// Constructs a matcher that matches a const string& whose value is
-// equal to s.
-Matcher<const internal::string&>::Matcher(const internal::string& s) {
-  *this = Eq(s);
-}
-
-// Constructs a matcher that matches a const string& whose value is
-// equal to s.
-Matcher<const internal::string&>::Matcher(const char* s) {
-  *this = Eq(internal::string(s));
-}
-
-// Constructs a matcher that matches a string whose value is equal to s.
-Matcher<internal::string>::Matcher(const internal::string& s) { *this = Eq(s); }
-
-// Constructs a matcher that matches a string whose value is equal to s.
-Matcher<internal::string>::Matcher(const char* s) {
-  *this = Eq(internal::string(s));
-}
-
-#if GTEST_HAS_STRING_PIECE_
-// Constructs a matcher that matches a const StringPiece& whose value is
-// equal to s.
-Matcher<const StringPiece&>::Matcher(const internal::string& s) {
-  *this = Eq(s);
-}
-
-// Constructs a matcher that matches a const StringPiece& whose value is
-// equal to s.
-Matcher<const StringPiece&>::Matcher(const char* s) {
-  *this = Eq(internal::string(s));
-}
-
-// Constructs a matcher that matches a const StringPiece& whose value is
-// equal to s.
-Matcher<const StringPiece&>::Matcher(StringPiece s) {
-  *this = Eq(s.ToString());
-}
-
-// Constructs a matcher that matches a StringPiece whose value is equal to s.
-Matcher<StringPiece>::Matcher(const internal::string& s) {
-  *this = Eq(s);
-}
-
-// Constructs a matcher that matches a StringPiece whose value is equal to s.
-Matcher<StringPiece>::Matcher(const char* s) {
-  *this = Eq(internal::string(s));
-}
-
-// Constructs a matcher that matches a StringPiece whose value is equal to s.
-Matcher<StringPiece>::Matcher(StringPiece s) {
-  *this = Eq(s.ToString());
-}
-#endif  // GTEST_HAS_STRING_PIECE_
-
 namespace internal {
 
-// Joins a vector of strings as if they are fields of a tuple; returns
-// the joined string.
-GTEST_API_ string JoinAsTuple(const Strings& fields) {
-  switch (fields.size()) {
-    case 0:
-      return "";
-    case 1:
-      return fields[0];
-    default:
-      string result = "(" + fields[0];
-      for (size_t i = 1; i < fields.size(); i++) {
-        result += ", ";
-        result += fields[i];
-      }
-      result += ")";
-      return result;
-  }
-}
-
 // Returns the description for a matcher defined using the MATCHER*()
 // macro where the user-supplied description string is "", if
 // 'negation' is false; otherwise returns the description of the
 // negation of the matcher.  'param_values' contains a list of strings
 // that are the print-out of the matcher's parameters.
-GTEST_API_ string FormatMatcherDescription(bool negation,
-                                           const char* matcher_name,
-                                           const Strings& param_values) {
-  string result = ConvertIdentifierNameToWords(matcher_name);
-  if (param_values.size() >= 1)
-    result += " " + JoinAsTuple(param_values);
+GTEST_API_ std::string FormatMatcherDescription(bool negation,
+                                                const char* matcher_name,
+                                                const Strings& param_values) {
+  std::string result = ConvertIdentifierNameToWords(matcher_name);
+  if (param_values.size() >= 1) result += " " + JoinAsTuple(param_values);
   return negation ? "not (" + result + ")" : result;
 }
 
@@ -10966,8 +12284,7 @@
   explicit MaxBipartiteMatchState(const MatchMatrix& graph)
       : graph_(&graph),
         left_(graph_->LhsSize(), kUnused),
-        right_(graph_->RhsSize(), kUnused) {
-  }
+        right_(graph_->RhsSize(), kUnused) {}
 
   // Returns the edges of a maximal match, each in the form {left, right}.
   ElementMatcherPairs Compute() {
@@ -11024,10 +12341,8 @@
   //
   bool TryAugment(size_t ilhs, ::std::vector<char>* seen) {
     for (size_t irhs = 0; irhs < graph_->RhsSize(); ++irhs) {
-      if ((*seen)[irhs])
-        continue;
-      if (!graph_->HasEdge(ilhs, irhs))
-        continue;
+      if ((*seen)[irhs]) continue;
+      if (!graph_->HasEdge(ilhs, irhs)) continue;
       // There's an available edge from ilhs to irhs.
       (*seen)[irhs] = 1;
       // Next a search is performed to determine whether
@@ -11054,7 +12369,7 @@
   // Each element of the left_ vector represents a left hand side node
   // (i.e. an element) and each element of right_ is a right hand side
   // node (i.e. a matcher). The values in the left_ vector indicate
-  // outflow from that node to a node on the the right_ side. The values
+  // outflow from that node to a node on the right_ side. The values
   // in the right_ indicate inflow, and specify which left_ node is
   // feeding that right_ node, if any. For example, left_[3] == 1 means
   // there's a flow from element #3 to matcher #1. Such a flow would also
@@ -11070,8 +12385,7 @@
 
 const size_t MaxBipartiteMatchState::kUnused;
 
-GTEST_API_ ElementMatcherPairs
-FindMaxBipartiteMatching(const MatchMatrix& g) {
+GTEST_API_ ElementMatcherPairs FindMaxBipartiteMatching(const MatchMatrix& g) {
   return MaxBipartiteMatchState(g).Compute();
 }
 
@@ -11080,7 +12394,7 @@
   typedef ElementMatcherPairs::const_iterator Iter;
   ::std::ostream& os = *stream;
   os << "{";
-  const char *sep = "";
+  const char* sep = "";
   for (Iter it = pairs.begin(); it != pairs.end(); ++it) {
     os << sep << "\n  ("
        << "element #" << it->first << ", "
@@ -11090,38 +12404,6 @@
   os << "\n}";
 }
 
-// Tries to find a pairing, and explains the result.
-GTEST_API_ bool FindPairing(const MatchMatrix& matrix,
-                            MatchResultListener* listener) {
-  ElementMatcherPairs matches = FindMaxBipartiteMatching(matrix);
-
-  size_t max_flow = matches.size();
-  bool result = (max_flow == matrix.RhsSize());
-
-  if (!result) {
-    if (listener->IsInterested()) {
-      *listener << "where no permutation of the elements can "
-                   "satisfy all matchers, and the closest match is "
-                << max_flow << " of " << matrix.RhsSize()
-                << " matchers with the pairings:\n";
-      LogElementMatcherPairVec(matches, listener->stream());
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (matches.size() > 1) {
-    if (listener->IsInterested()) {
-      const char *sep = "where:\n";
-      for (size_t mi = 0; mi < matches.size(); ++mi) {
-        *listener << sep << " - element #" << matches[mi].first
-                  << " is matched by matcher #" << matches[mi].second;
-        sep = ",\n";
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
 bool MatchMatrix::NextGraph() {
   for (size_t ilhs = 0; ilhs < LhsSize(); ++ilhs) {
     for (size_t irhs = 0; irhs < RhsSize(); ++irhs) {
@@ -11145,9 +12427,9 @@
   }
 }
 
-string MatchMatrix::DebugString() const {
+std::string MatchMatrix::DebugString() const {
   ::std::stringstream ss;
-  const char *sep = "";
+  const char* sep = "";
   for (size_t i = 0; i < LhsSize(); ++i) {
     ss << sep;
     for (size_t j = 0; j < RhsSize(); ++j) {
@@ -11160,44 +12442,83 @@
 
 void UnorderedElementsAreMatcherImplBase::DescribeToImpl(
     ::std::ostream* os) const {
-  if (matcher_describers_.empty()) {
-    *os << "is empty";
-    return;
+  switch (match_flags()) {
+    case UnorderedMatcherRequire::ExactMatch:
+      if (matcher_describers_.empty()) {
+        *os << "is empty";
+        return;
+      }
+      if (matcher_describers_.size() == 1) {
+        *os << "has " << Elements(1) << " and that element ";
+        matcher_describers_[0]->DescribeTo(os);
+        return;
+      }
+      *os << "has " << Elements(matcher_describers_.size())
+          << " and there exists some permutation of elements such that:\n";
+      break;
+    case UnorderedMatcherRequire::Superset:
+      *os << "a surjection from elements to requirements exists such that:\n";
+      break;
+    case UnorderedMatcherRequire::Subset:
+      *os << "an injection from elements to requirements exists such that:\n";
+      break;
   }
-  if (matcher_describers_.size() == 1) {
-    *os << "has " << Elements(1) << " and that element ";
-    matcher_describers_[0]->DescribeTo(os);
-    return;
-  }
-  *os << "has " << Elements(matcher_describers_.size())
-      << " and there exists some permutation of elements such that:\n";
+
   const char* sep = "";
   for (size_t i = 0; i != matcher_describers_.size(); ++i) {
-    *os << sep << " - element #" << i << " ";
+    *os << sep;
+    if (match_flags() == UnorderedMatcherRequire::ExactMatch) {
+      *os << " - element #" << i << " ";
+    } else {
+      *os << " - an element ";
+    }
     matcher_describers_[i]->DescribeTo(os);
-    sep = ", and\n";
+    if (match_flags() == UnorderedMatcherRequire::ExactMatch) {
+      sep = ", and\n";
+    } else {
+      sep = "\n";
+    }
   }
 }
 
 void UnorderedElementsAreMatcherImplBase::DescribeNegationToImpl(
     ::std::ostream* os) const {
-  if (matcher_describers_.empty()) {
-    *os << "isn't empty";
-    return;
+  switch (match_flags()) {
+    case UnorderedMatcherRequire::ExactMatch:
+      if (matcher_describers_.empty()) {
+        *os << "isn't empty";
+        return;
+      }
+      if (matcher_describers_.size() == 1) {
+        *os << "doesn't have " << Elements(1) << ", or has " << Elements(1)
+            << " that ";
+        matcher_describers_[0]->DescribeNegationTo(os);
+        return;
+      }
+      *os << "doesn't have " << Elements(matcher_describers_.size())
+          << ", or there exists no permutation of elements such that:\n";
+      break;
+    case UnorderedMatcherRequire::Superset:
+      *os << "no surjection from elements to requirements exists such that:\n";
+      break;
+    case UnorderedMatcherRequire::Subset:
+      *os << "no injection from elements to requirements exists such that:\n";
+      break;
   }
-  if (matcher_describers_.size() == 1) {
-    *os << "doesn't have " << Elements(1)
-        << ", or has " << Elements(1) << " that ";
-    matcher_describers_[0]->DescribeNegationTo(os);
-    return;
-  }
-  *os << "doesn't have " << Elements(matcher_describers_.size())
-      << ", or there exists no permutation of elements such that:\n";
   const char* sep = "";
   for (size_t i = 0; i != matcher_describers_.size(); ++i) {
-    *os << sep << " - element #" << i << " ";
+    *os << sep;
+    if (match_flags() == UnorderedMatcherRequire::ExactMatch) {
+      *os << " - element #" << i << " ";
+    } else {
+      *os << " - an element ";
+    }
     matcher_describers_[i]->DescribeTo(os);
-    sep = ", and\n";
+    if (match_flags() == UnorderedMatcherRequire::ExactMatch) {
+      sep = ", and\n";
+    } else {
+      sep = "\n";
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -11206,11 +12527,9 @@
 // and better error reporting.
 // Returns false, writing an explanation to 'listener', if and only
 // if the success criteria are not met.
-bool UnorderedElementsAreMatcherImplBase::
-VerifyAllElementsAndMatchersAreMatched(
-    const ::std::vector<string>& element_printouts,
-    const MatchMatrix& matrix,
-    MatchResultListener* listener) const {
+bool UnorderedElementsAreMatcherImplBase::VerifyMatchMatrix(
+    const ::std::vector<std::string>& element_printouts,
+    const MatchMatrix& matrix, MatchResultListener* listener) const {
   bool result = true;
   ::std::vector<char> element_matched(matrix.LhsSize(), 0);
   ::std::vector<char> matcher_matched(matrix.RhsSize(), 0);
@@ -11223,12 +12542,11 @@
     }
   }
 
-  {
+  if (match_flags() & UnorderedMatcherRequire::Superset) {
     const char* sep =
         "where the following matchers don't match any elements:\n";
     for (size_t mi = 0; mi < matcher_matched.size(); ++mi) {
-      if (matcher_matched[mi])
-        continue;
+      if (matcher_matched[mi]) continue;
       result = false;
       if (listener->IsInterested()) {
         *listener << sep << "matcher #" << mi << ": ";
@@ -11238,7 +12556,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  {
+  if (match_flags() & UnorderedMatcherRequire::Subset) {
     const char* sep =
         "where the following elements don't match any matchers:\n";
     const char* outer_sep = "";
@@ -11246,8 +12564,7 @@
       outer_sep = "\nand ";
     }
     for (size_t ei = 0; ei < element_matched.size(); ++ei) {
-      if (element_matched[ei])
-        continue;
+      if (element_matched[ei]) continue;
       result = false;
       if (listener->IsInterested()) {
         *listener << outer_sep << sep << "element #" << ei << ": "
@@ -11260,6 +12577,47 @@
   return result;
 }
 
+bool UnorderedElementsAreMatcherImplBase::FindPairing(
+    const MatchMatrix& matrix, MatchResultListener* listener) const {
+  ElementMatcherPairs matches = FindMaxBipartiteMatching(matrix);
+
+  size_t max_flow = matches.size();
+  if ((match_flags() & UnorderedMatcherRequire::Superset) &&
+      max_flow < matrix.RhsSize()) {
+    if (listener->IsInterested()) {
+      *listener << "where no permutation of the elements can satisfy all "
+                   "matchers, and the closest match is "
+                << max_flow << " of " << matrix.RhsSize()
+                << " matchers with the pairings:\n";
+      LogElementMatcherPairVec(matches, listener->stream());
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  if ((match_flags() & UnorderedMatcherRequire::Subset) &&
+      max_flow < matrix.LhsSize()) {
+    if (listener->IsInterested()) {
+      *listener
+          << "where not all elements can be matched, and the closest match is "
+          << max_flow << " of " << matrix.RhsSize()
+          << " matchers with the pairings:\n";
+      LogElementMatcherPairVec(matches, listener->stream());
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (matches.size() > 1) {
+    if (listener->IsInterested()) {
+      const char* sep = "where:\n";
+      for (size_t mi = 0; mi < matches.size(); ++mi) {
+        *listener << sep << " - element #" << matches[mi].first
+                  << " is matched by matcher #" << matches[mi].second;
+        sep = ",\n";
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
 }  // namespace internal
 }  // namespace testing
 // Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
@@ -11290,8 +12648,7 @@
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
+
 
 // Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
 //
@@ -11302,13 +12659,24 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <iostream>  // NOLINT
 #include <map>
+#include <memory>
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
 #if GTEST_OS_CYGWIN || GTEST_OS_LINUX || GTEST_OS_MAC
 # include <unistd.h>  // NOLINT
 #endif
 
+// Silence C4800 (C4800: 'int *const ': forcing value
+// to bool 'true' or 'false') for MSVC 15
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#if _MSC_VER == 1900
+#  pragma warning(push)
+#  pragma warning(disable:4800)
+#endif
+#endif
+
 namespace testing {
 namespace internal {
 
@@ -11319,16 +12687,15 @@
 // Logs a message including file and line number information.
 GTEST_API_ void LogWithLocation(testing::internal::LogSeverity severity,
                                 const char* file, int line,
-                                const string& message) {
+                                const std::string& message) {
   ::std::ostringstream s;
   s << file << ":" << line << ": " << message << ::std::endl;
   Log(severity, s.str(), 0);
 }
 
 // Constructs an ExpectationBase object.
-ExpectationBase::ExpectationBase(const char* a_file,
-                                 int a_line,
-                                 const string& a_source_text)
+ExpectationBase::ExpectationBase(const char* a_file, int a_line,
+                                 const std::string& a_source_text)
     : file_(a_file),
       line_(a_line),
       source_text_(a_source_text),
@@ -11361,12 +12728,19 @@
     return;
   }
 
-  for (ExpectationSet::const_iterator it = immediate_prerequisites_.begin();
-       it != immediate_prerequisites_.end(); ++it) {
-    ExpectationBase* const prerequisite = it->expectation_base().get();
-    if (!prerequisite->is_retired()) {
-      prerequisite->RetireAllPreRequisites();
-      prerequisite->Retire();
+  ::std::vector<ExpectationBase*> expectations(1, this);
+  while (!expectations.empty()) {
+    ExpectationBase* exp = expectations.back();
+    expectations.pop_back();
+
+    for (ExpectationSet::const_iterator it =
+             exp->immediate_prerequisites_.begin();
+         it != exp->immediate_prerequisites_.end(); ++it) {
+      ExpectationBase* next = it->expectation_base().get();
+      if (!next->is_retired()) {
+        next->Retire();
+        expectations.push_back(next);
+      }
     }
   }
 }
@@ -11376,11 +12750,18 @@
 bool ExpectationBase::AllPrerequisitesAreSatisfied() const
     GTEST_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_REQUIRED_(g_gmock_mutex) {
   g_gmock_mutex.AssertHeld();
-  for (ExpectationSet::const_iterator it = immediate_prerequisites_.begin();
-       it != immediate_prerequisites_.end(); ++it) {
-    if (!(it->expectation_base()->IsSatisfied()) ||
-        !(it->expectation_base()->AllPrerequisitesAreSatisfied()))
-      return false;
+  ::std::vector<const ExpectationBase*> expectations(1, this);
+  while (!expectations.empty()) {
+    const ExpectationBase* exp = expectations.back();
+    expectations.pop_back();
+
+    for (ExpectationSet::const_iterator it =
+             exp->immediate_prerequisites_.begin();
+         it != exp->immediate_prerequisites_.end(); ++it) {
+      const ExpectationBase* next = it->expectation_base().get();
+      if (!next->IsSatisfied()) return false;
+      expectations.push_back(next);
+    }
   }
   return true;
 }
@@ -11389,19 +12770,28 @@
 void ExpectationBase::FindUnsatisfiedPrerequisites(ExpectationSet* result) const
     GTEST_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_REQUIRED_(g_gmock_mutex) {
   g_gmock_mutex.AssertHeld();
-  for (ExpectationSet::const_iterator it = immediate_prerequisites_.begin();
-       it != immediate_prerequisites_.end(); ++it) {
-    if (it->expectation_base()->IsSatisfied()) {
-      // If *it is satisfied and has a call count of 0, some of its
-      // pre-requisites may not be satisfied yet.
-      if (it->expectation_base()->call_count_ == 0) {
-        it->expectation_base()->FindUnsatisfiedPrerequisites(result);
+  ::std::vector<const ExpectationBase*> expectations(1, this);
+  while (!expectations.empty()) {
+    const ExpectationBase* exp = expectations.back();
+    expectations.pop_back();
+
+    for (ExpectationSet::const_iterator it =
+             exp->immediate_prerequisites_.begin();
+         it != exp->immediate_prerequisites_.end(); ++it) {
+      const ExpectationBase* next = it->expectation_base().get();
+
+      if (next->IsSatisfied()) {
+        // If *it is satisfied and has a call count of 0, some of its
+        // pre-requisites may not be satisfied yet.
+        if (next->call_count_ == 0) {
+          expectations.push_back(next);
+        }
+      } else {
+        // Now that we know next is unsatisfied, we are not so interested
+        // in whether its pre-requisites are satisfied.  Therefore we
+        // don't iterate into it here.
+        *result += *it;
       }
-    } else {
-      // Now that we know *it is unsatisfied, we are not so interested
-      // in whether its pre-requisites are satisfied.  Therefore we
-      // don't recursively call FindUnsatisfiedPrerequisites() here.
-      *result += *it;
     }
   }
 }
@@ -11505,7 +12895,7 @@
 
 // Reports an uninteresting call (whose description is in msg) in the
 // manner specified by 'reaction'.
-void ReportUninterestingCall(CallReaction reaction, const string& msg) {
+void ReportUninterestingCall(CallReaction reaction, const std::string& msg) {
   // Include a stack trace only if --gmock_verbose=info is specified.
   const int stack_frames_to_skip =
       GMOCK_FLAG(verbose) == kInfoVerbosity ? 3 : -1;
@@ -11516,20 +12906,22 @@
     case kWarn:
       Log(kWarning,
           msg +
-          "\nNOTE: You can safely ignore the above warning unless this "
-          "call should not happen.  Do not suppress it by blindly adding "
-          "an EXPECT_CALL() if you don't mean to enforce the call.  "
-          "See https://github.com/google/googletest/blob/master/googlemock/docs/CookBook.md#"
-          "knowing-when-to-expect for details.\n",
+              "\nNOTE: You can safely ignore the above warning unless this "
+              "call should not happen.  Do not suppress it by blindly adding "
+              "an EXPECT_CALL() if you don't mean to enforce the call.  "
+              "See "
+              "https://github.com/google/googletest/blob/master/googlemock/"
+              "docs/CookBook.md#"
+              "knowing-when-to-expect for details.\n",
           stack_frames_to_skip);
       break;
     default:  // FAIL
-      Expect(false, NULL, -1, msg);
+      Expect(false, nullptr, -1, msg);
   }
 }
 
 UntypedFunctionMockerBase::UntypedFunctionMockerBase()
-    : mock_obj_(NULL), name_("") {}
+    : mock_obj_(nullptr), name_("") {}
 
 UntypedFunctionMockerBase::~UntypedFunctionMockerBase() {}
 
@@ -11568,7 +12960,7 @@
     // We protect mock_obj_ under g_gmock_mutex in case this mock
     // function is called from two threads concurrently.
     MutexLock l(&g_gmock_mutex);
-    Assert(mock_obj_ != NULL, __FILE__, __LINE__,
+    Assert(mock_obj_ != nullptr, __FILE__, __LINE__,
            "MockObject() must not be called before RegisterOwner() or "
            "SetOwnerAndName() has been called.");
     mock_obj = mock_obj_;
@@ -11585,7 +12977,7 @@
     // We protect name_ under g_gmock_mutex in case this mock
     // function is called from two threads concurrently.
     MutexLock l(&g_gmock_mutex);
-    Assert(name_ != NULL, __FILE__, __LINE__,
+    Assert(name_ != nullptr, __FILE__, __LINE__,
            "Name() must not be called before SetOwnerAndName() has "
            "been called.");
     name = name_;
@@ -11596,9 +12988,10 @@
 // Calculates the result of invoking this mock function with the given
 // arguments, prints it, and returns it.  The caller is responsible
 // for deleting the result.
-UntypedActionResultHolderBase*
-UntypedFunctionMockerBase::UntypedInvokeWith(const void* const untyped_args)
-    GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(g_gmock_mutex) {
+UntypedActionResultHolderBase* UntypedFunctionMockerBase::UntypedInvokeWith(
+    void* const untyped_args) GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(g_gmock_mutex) {
+  // See the definition of untyped_expectations_ for why access to it
+  // is unprotected here.
   if (untyped_expectations_.size() == 0) {
     // No expectation is set on this mock method - we have an
     // uninteresting call.
@@ -11615,18 +13008,21 @@
     // the behavior of ReportUninterestingCall().
     const bool need_to_report_uninteresting_call =
         // If the user allows this uninteresting call, we print it
-        // only when he wants informational messages.
+        // only when they want informational messages.
         reaction == kAllow ? LogIsVisible(kInfo) :
-        // If the user wants this to be a warning, we print it only
-        // when he wants to see warnings.
-        reaction == kWarn ? LogIsVisible(kWarning) :
-        // Otherwise, the user wants this to be an error, and we
-        // should always print detailed information in the error.
-        true;
+                           // If the user wants this to be a warning, we print
+                           // it only when they want to see warnings.
+            reaction == kWarn
+                ? LogIsVisible(kWarning)
+                :
+                // Otherwise, the user wants this to be an error, and we
+                // should always print detailed information in the error.
+                true;
 
     if (!need_to_report_uninteresting_call) {
       // Perform the action without printing the call information.
-      return this->UntypedPerformDefaultAction(untyped_args, "");
+      return this->UntypedPerformDefaultAction(
+          untyped_args, "Function call: " + std::string(Name()));
     }
 
     // Warns about the uninteresting call.
@@ -11638,8 +13034,7 @@
         this->UntypedPerformDefaultAction(untyped_args, ss.str());
 
     // Prints the function result.
-    if (result != NULL)
-      result->PrintAsActionResult(&ss);
+    if (result != nullptr) result->PrintAsActionResult(&ss);
 
     ReportUninterestingCall(reaction, ss.str());
     return result;
@@ -11649,7 +13044,7 @@
   ::std::stringstream ss;
   ::std::stringstream why;
   ::std::stringstream loc;
-  const void* untyped_action = NULL;
+  const void* untyped_action = nullptr;
 
   // The UntypedFindMatchingExpectation() function acquires and
   // releases g_gmock_mutex.
@@ -11657,7 +13052,7 @@
       this->UntypedFindMatchingExpectation(
           untyped_args, &untyped_action, &is_excessive,
           &ss, &why);
-  const bool found = untyped_expectation != NULL;
+  const bool found = untyped_expectation != nullptr;
 
   // True iff we need to print the call's arguments and return value.
   // This definition must be kept in sync with the uses of Expect()
@@ -11666,10 +13061,9 @@
       !found || is_excessive || LogIsVisible(kInfo);
   if (!need_to_report_call) {
     // Perform the action without printing the call information.
-    return
-        untyped_action == NULL ?
-        this->UntypedPerformDefaultAction(untyped_args, "") :
-        this->UntypedPerformAction(untyped_action, untyped_args);
+    return untyped_action == nullptr
+               ? this->UntypedPerformDefaultAction(untyped_args, "")
+               : this->UntypedPerformAction(untyped_action, untyped_args);
   }
 
   ss << "    Function call: " << Name();
@@ -11682,16 +13076,15 @@
   }
 
   UntypedActionResultHolderBase* const result =
-      untyped_action == NULL ?
-      this->UntypedPerformDefaultAction(untyped_args, ss.str()) :
-      this->UntypedPerformAction(untyped_action, untyped_args);
-  if (result != NULL)
-    result->PrintAsActionResult(&ss);
+      untyped_action == nullptr
+          ? this->UntypedPerformDefaultAction(untyped_args, ss.str())
+          : this->UntypedPerformAction(untyped_action, untyped_args);
+  if (result != nullptr) result->PrintAsActionResult(&ss);
   ss << "\n" << why.str();
 
   if (!found) {
     // No expectation matches this call - reports a failure.
-    Expect(false, NULL, -1, ss.str());
+    Expect(false, nullptr, -1, ss.str());
   } else if (is_excessive) {
     // We had an upper-bound violation and the failure message is in ss.
     Expect(false, untyped_expectation->file(),
@@ -11708,6 +13101,8 @@
 // Returns an Expectation object that references and co-owns exp,
 // which must be an expectation on this mock function.
 Expectation UntypedFunctionMockerBase::GetHandleOf(ExpectationBase* exp) {
+  // See the definition of untyped_expectations_ for why access to it
+  // is unprotected here.
   for (UntypedExpectations::const_iterator it =
            untyped_expectations_.begin();
        it != untyped_expectations_.end(); ++it) {
@@ -11770,6 +13165,13 @@
   return expectations_met;
 }
 
+CallReaction intToCallReaction(int mock_behavior) {
+  if (mock_behavior >= kAllow && mock_behavior <= kFail) {
+    return static_cast<internal::CallReaction>(mock_behavior);
+  }
+  return kWarn;
+}
+
 }  // namespace internal
 
 // Class Mock.
@@ -11783,13 +13185,13 @@
 // expectations.
 struct MockObjectState {
   MockObjectState()
-      : first_used_file(NULL), first_used_line(-1), leakable(false) {}
+      : first_used_file(nullptr), first_used_line(-1), leakable(false) {}
 
   // Where in the source file an ON_CALL or EXPECT_CALL is first
   // invoked on this mock object.
   const char* first_used_file;
   int first_used_line;
-  ::std::string first_used_test_case;
+  ::std::string first_used_test_suite;
   ::std::string first_used_test;
   bool leakable;  // true iff it's OK to leak the object.
   FunctionMockers function_mockers;  // All registered methods of the object.
@@ -11809,9 +13211,6 @@
   // object alive.  Therefore we report any living object as test
   // failure, unless the user explicitly asked us to ignore it.
   ~MockObjectRegistry() {
-    // "using ::std::cout;" doesn't work with Symbian's STLport, where cout is
-    // a macro.
-
     if (!GMOCK_FLAG(catch_leaked_mocks))
       return;
 
@@ -11821,7 +13220,7 @@
       if (it->second.leakable)  // The user said it's fine to leak this object.
         continue;
 
-      // TODO(wan@google.com): Print the type of the leaked object.
+      // FIXME: Print the type of the leaked object.
       // This can help the user identify the leaked object.
       std::cout << "\n";
       const MockObjectState& state = it->second;
@@ -11829,17 +13228,23 @@
                                                 state.first_used_line);
       std::cout << " ERROR: this mock object";
       if (state.first_used_test != "") {
-        std::cout << " (used in test " << state.first_used_test_case << "."
-             << state.first_used_test << ")";
+        std::cout << " (used in test " << state.first_used_test_suite << "."
+                  << state.first_used_test << ")";
       }
       std::cout << " should be deleted but never is. Its address is @"
            << it->first << ".";
       leaked_count++;
     }
     if (leaked_count > 0) {
-      std::cout << "\nERROR: " << leaked_count
-           << " leaked mock " << (leaked_count == 1 ? "object" : "objects")
-           << " found at program exit.\n";
+      std::cout << "\nERROR: " << leaked_count << " leaked mock "
+                << (leaked_count == 1 ? "object" : "objects")
+                << " found at program exit. Expectations on a mock object is "
+                   "verified when the object is destructed. Leaking a mock "
+                   "means that its expectations aren't verified, which is "
+                   "usually a test bug. If you really intend to leak a mock, "
+                   "you can suppress this error using "
+                   "testing::Mock::AllowLeak(mock_object), or you may use a "
+                   "fake or stub instead of a mock.\n";
       std::cout.flush();
       ::std::cerr.flush();
       // RUN_ALL_TESTS() has already returned when this destructor is
@@ -11910,7 +13315,8 @@
         GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
   internal::MutexLock l(&internal::g_gmock_mutex);
   return (g_uninteresting_call_reaction.count(mock_obj) == 0) ?
-      internal::kDefault : g_uninteresting_call_reaction[mock_obj];
+      internal::intToCallReaction(GMOCK_FLAG(default_mock_behavior)) :
+      g_uninteresting_call_reaction[mock_obj];
 }
 
 // Tells Google Mock to ignore mock_obj when checking for leaked mock
@@ -11968,6 +13374,19 @@
   return expectations_met;
 }
 
+bool Mock::IsNaggy(void* mock_obj)
+    GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
+  return Mock::GetReactionOnUninterestingCalls(mock_obj) == internal::kWarn;
+}
+bool Mock::IsNice(void* mock_obj)
+    GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
+  return Mock::GetReactionOnUninterestingCalls(mock_obj) == internal::kAllow;
+}
+bool Mock::IsStrict(void* mock_obj)
+    GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
+  return Mock::GetReactionOnUninterestingCalls(mock_obj) == internal::kFail;
+}
+
 // Registers a mock object and a mock method it owns.
 void Mock::Register(const void* mock_obj,
                     internal::UntypedFunctionMockerBase* mocker)
@@ -11984,16 +13403,13 @@
     GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
   internal::MutexLock l(&internal::g_gmock_mutex);
   MockObjectState& state = g_mock_object_registry.states()[mock_obj];
-  if (state.first_used_file == NULL) {
+  if (state.first_used_file == nullptr) {
     state.first_used_file = file;
     state.first_used_line = line;
     const TestInfo* const test_info =
         UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
-    if (test_info != NULL) {
-      // TODO(wan@google.com): record the test case name when the
-      // ON_CALL or EXPECT_CALL is invoked from SetUpTestCase() or
-      // TearDownTestCase().
-      state.first_used_test_case = test_info->test_case_name();
+    if (test_info != nullptr) {
+      state.first_used_test_suite = test_info->test_suite_name();
       state.first_used_test = test_info->name();
     }
   }
@@ -12046,7 +13462,7 @@
 Expectation::Expectation() {}
 
 Expectation::Expectation(
-    const internal::linked_ptr<internal::ExpectationBase>& an_expectation_base)
+    const std::shared_ptr<internal::ExpectationBase>& an_expectation_base)
     : expectation_base_(an_expectation_base) {}
 
 Expectation::~Expectation() {}
@@ -12054,7 +13470,7 @@
 // Adds an expectation to a sequence.
 void Sequence::AddExpectation(const Expectation& expectation) const {
   if (*last_expectation_ != expectation) {
-    if (last_expectation_->expectation_base() != NULL) {
+    if (last_expectation_->expectation_base() != nullptr) {
       expectation.expectation_base()->immediate_prerequisites_
           += *last_expectation_;
     }
@@ -12064,7 +13480,7 @@
 
 // Creates the implicit sequence if there isn't one.
 InSequence::InSequence() {
-  if (internal::g_gmock_implicit_sequence.get() == NULL) {
+  if (internal::g_gmock_implicit_sequence.get() == nullptr) {
     internal::g_gmock_implicit_sequence.set(new Sequence);
     sequence_created_ = true;
   } else {
@@ -12077,11 +13493,17 @@
 InSequence::~InSequence() {
   if (sequence_created_) {
     delete internal::g_gmock_implicit_sequence.get();
-    internal::g_gmock_implicit_sequence.set(NULL);
+    internal::g_gmock_implicit_sequence.set(nullptr);
   }
 }
 
 }  // namespace testing
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#if _MSC_VER == 1900
+#  pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+#endif
 // Copyright 2008, Google Inc.
 // All rights reserved.
 //
@@ -12110,15 +13532,11 @@
 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
+
 
 
 namespace testing {
 
-// TODO(wan@google.com): support using environment variables to
-// control the flag values, like what Google Test does.
-
 GMOCK_DEFINE_bool_(catch_leaked_mocks, true,
                    "true iff Google Mock should report leaked mock objects "
                    "as failures.");
@@ -12130,6 +13548,13 @@
                      "  warning - prints warnings and errors.\n"
                      "  error   - prints errors only.");
 
+GMOCK_DEFINE_int32_(default_mock_behavior, 1,
+                    "Controls the default behavior of mocks."
+                    "  Valid values:\n"
+                    "  0 - by default, mocks act as NiceMocks.\n"
+                    "  1 - by default, mocks act as NaggyMocks.\n"
+                    "  2 - by default, mocks act as StrictMocks.");
+
 namespace internal {
 
 // Parses a string as a command line flag.  The string should have the
@@ -12141,12 +13566,12 @@
                                             const char* flag,
                                             bool def_optional) {
   // str and flag must not be NULL.
-  if (str == NULL || flag == NULL) return NULL;
+  if (str == nullptr || flag == nullptr) return nullptr;
 
   // The flag must start with "--gmock_".
   const std::string flag_str = std::string("--gmock_") + flag;
   const size_t flag_len = flag_str.length();
-  if (strncmp(str, flag_str.c_str(), flag_len) != 0) return NULL;
+  if (strncmp(str, flag_str.c_str(), flag_len) != 0) return nullptr;
 
   // Skips the flag name.
   const char* flag_end = str + flag_len;
@@ -12159,7 +13584,7 @@
   // If def_optional is true and there are more characters after the
   // flag name, or if def_optional is false, there must be a '=' after
   // the flag name.
-  if (flag_end[0] != '=') return NULL;
+  if (flag_end[0] != '=') return nullptr;
 
   // Returns the string after "=".
   return flag_end + 1;
@@ -12176,7 +13601,7 @@
   const char* const value_str = ParseGoogleMockFlagValue(str, flag, true);
 
   // Aborts if the parsing failed.
-  if (value_str == NULL) return false;
+  if (value_str == nullptr) return false;
 
   // Converts the string value to a bool.
   *value = !(*value_str == '0' || *value_str == 'f' || *value_str == 'F');
@@ -12195,13 +13620,26 @@
   const char* const value_str = ParseGoogleMockFlagValue(str, flag, false);
 
   // Aborts if the parsing failed.
-  if (value_str == NULL) return false;
+  if (value_str == nullptr) return false;
 
   // Sets *value to the value of the flag.
   *value = value_str;
   return true;
 }
 
+static bool ParseGoogleMockIntFlag(const char* str, const char* flag,
+                                   int* value) {
+  // Gets the value of the flag as a string.
+  const char* const value_str = ParseGoogleMockFlagValue(str, flag, true);
+
+  // Aborts if the parsing failed.
+  if (value_str == nullptr) return false;
+
+  // Sets *value to the value of the flag.
+  return ParseInt32(Message() << "The value of flag --" << flag,
+                    value_str, value);
+}
+
 // The internal implementation of InitGoogleMock().
 //
 // The type parameter CharType can be instantiated to either char or
@@ -12220,7 +13658,9 @@
     // Do we see a Google Mock flag?
     if (ParseGoogleMockBoolFlag(arg, "catch_leaked_mocks",
                                 &GMOCK_FLAG(catch_leaked_mocks)) ||
-        ParseGoogleMockStringFlag(arg, "verbose", &GMOCK_FLAG(verbose))) {
+        ParseGoogleMockStringFlag(arg, "verbose", &GMOCK_FLAG(verbose)) ||
+        ParseGoogleMockIntFlag(arg, "default_mock_behavior",
+                               &GMOCK_FLAG(default_mock_behavior))) {
       // Yes.  Shift the remainder of the argv list left by one.  Note
       // that argv has (*argc + 1) elements, the last one always being
       // NULL.  The following loop moves the trailing NULL element as
@@ -12262,4 +13702,16 @@
   internal::InitGoogleMockImpl(argc, argv);
 }
 
+// This overloaded version can be used on Arduino/embedded platforms where
+// there is no argc/argv.
+GTEST_API_ void InitGoogleMock() {
+  // Since Arduino doesn't have a command line, fake out the argc/argv arguments
+  int argc = 1;
+  const auto arg0 = "dummy";
+  char* argv0 = const_cast<char*>(arg0);
+  char** argv = &argv0;
+
+  internal::InitGoogleMockImpl(&argc, argv);
+}
+
 }  // namespace testing